tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65905619522029186732024-03-16T08:52:02.595-07:00White Rose ReviewLoving Truth and Resisting ErrorRichard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15359152360380793291noreply@blogger.comBlogger677125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-90297503707532333852024-03-16T08:51:00.001-07:002024-03-16T08:51:22.280-07:00Prayer and Luke 10.17-24<p> <i>* Notes from a recent Bible Study on Prayer.</i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTQowZhPPMmmg8h9AC5o43aCLyCb3Jd34Snck85EVPawYmaFlJkh0V3ad45sUljUHNnatAGA9qNmZYbpeAFs-NR1txE-K9K_xDNZzoQ-KxSllemVttpy1hxi9fecDnswZKka3TDtcOSeCt9NH6gzw9OA3ud3YSg-XOYHFLuFkFyLDaIF-wWHf_hcAkH_g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="468" height="658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTQowZhPPMmmg8h9AC5o43aCLyCb3Jd34Snck85EVPawYmaFlJkh0V3ad45sUljUHNnatAGA9qNmZYbpeAFs-NR1txE-K9K_xDNZzoQ-KxSllemVttpy1hxi9fecDnswZKka3TDtcOSeCt9NH6gzw9OA3ud3YSg-XOYHFLuFkFyLDaIF-wWHf_hcAkH_g=w582-h658" width="582" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-7023881485771304702024-02-16T08:50:00.001-07:002024-02-16T08:51:43.773-07:00AI: The Hype and Challenge of Critical Thinking<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Generative AI is here to stay. In light of this, there are all sorts of voices telling us to use and adapt to this new intellectual terrain. My goal is this post is to not add to the discussion in regards to <i>how</i> to use the various AI tools. Rather, my modest goal is to express reservations about the alleged unending glories of the seemingly unalterable “singularity” which is the eschatological dream of some.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My thinking was recently stimulated in this direction by reading Robert J. Marks’ book, <i>Non-Computable You: What You Do That Artificial Intelligence Never Will</i>.<span> </span>Dr. Marks is Distinguished Professor of Engineering in the Depart of Engineering and Computer Science at Baylor University.<span> </span>Furthermore, he was the founding Editor-in-Chief of <i>IEEE Transaction on Neural </i>Networks, one of the most prestigious technical journals for peer-reviewed AI research.<span> </span>In other words, he is well-qualified to offer an assessment of the current state of AI research.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP_G_aeKQAS1w7Oty2-4DZsIRUfk7bjFCDpJ7B6-SiZdHn6kCaVs-6d6D2kV7g9XjbEdofmKEdO3i1pbj4G5sUGeZ_zyh7U0Ka5S3z-3ZJG2VzVQnlepRWC6HCx8gztO2fyc01THRMpPKR7FVrlveCTPDrlt7PGtXiFY0aQSENXrSlnN-eEHRt5-fTffE/s1200/Non-Computable-You_BEST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP_G_aeKQAS1w7Oty2-4DZsIRUfk7bjFCDpJ7B6-SiZdHn6kCaVs-6d6D2kV7g9XjbEdofmKEdO3i1pbj4G5sUGeZ_zyh7U0Ka5S3z-3ZJG2VzVQnlepRWC6HCx8gztO2fyc01THRMpPKR7FVrlveCTPDrlt7PGtXiFY0aQSENXrSlnN-eEHRt5-fTffE/w390-h205/Non-Computable-You_BEST.jpg" width="390" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Marks argues that, though AI is powerful in computing power and does offer some surprises, there is a fundamental gap in terms of true creativity.<span> </span>In place of the well-known Turing Test, Marks draws attention to the “Lovelace Test” as more effective test for software creativity.<span> </span>Named after </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Ada Lovelace</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> (1815-1852), who is considered by many to be the first computer programmer, the Lovelace Test defines software creativity as the ability of a program to do something “that cannot be explained by the programmer or an expert in computer code.”<a href="applewebdata://A127295B-988D-4518-BA0F-A43265BD870E#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>Marks claims, along with others, that the Lovelace Test has not been met by current AI systems.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In spite of the failure of AI systems to generate true creativity there are all sorts of claims regarding the future of an AI-enhanced humanity.<span> </span>As Marks notes, “Many worship at the feet of the exciting new technology and without foundation predict all sorts of new miraculous applications; others preach unavoidable doom and gloom.”<a href="applewebdata://A127295B-988D-4518-BA0F-A43265BD870E#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>In light of this, chapters five and six of <i>Non-Computable You </i>(which by themselves are worth the price of the book!) are taken up with mitigating the “hype.”<span> </span>Chapter five is entitled, “<b><i>The Hype Curve</i></b>” and Marks graphs the dynamic in the following manner:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCS5GZyqHpIb0_6IARURG9X7ZG3lkOnLV9bQKhA7BRLHP2RZq24vl_jEtItmBdF_l4_WtYdd0t7cCyLdw6J2wAHRSkhCwrUifV8dx2qCl1TOmGKw535p3qw7jBdI3qLfXwiO25TqSRlv3_ONpT06yOvpph3IBnXzjE7aJ8QyT10J5O2Xi5bkIoqzJix50/s640/Hype-Curve_Non-Computable-You.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="640" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCS5GZyqHpIb0_6IARURG9X7ZG3lkOnLV9bQKhA7BRLHP2RZq24vl_jEtItmBdF_l4_WtYdd0t7cCyLdw6J2wAHRSkhCwrUifV8dx2qCl1TOmGKw535p3qw7jBdI3qLfXwiO25TqSRlv3_ONpT06yOvpph3IBnXzjE7aJ8QyT10J5O2Xi5bkIoqzJix50/w458-h355/Hype-Curve_Non-Computable-You.jpg" width="458" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marks explains the details:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The launch phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">.<span> </span>In the beginning of the hype curve, newly introduced technology spurs expectations above and beyond reality.<span> </span>Poorly thought-out forecasts are made.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The peak-of-hype phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">.<span> </span>The sky’s the limit.<span> </span>Imagination runs amok.<span> </span>Whether negative or positive, hype is born from unbridled speculation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The overreaction-to-immature-technology phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">.<span> </span>As the new technology is vetted and further explored, the realization sets in that some of its early promises can’t be kept.<span> </span>Rather than calmly adjusting expectations and realizing that immature technology must be given time to ripen, many people become overly disillusioned.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The depth-of-cynicism phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">. Once the shine is off the apple, limitations are recognized.<span> </span>Some initial supporters jump ship.<span> </span>They sell their stock and go looking for a new hype to criticize, believe in, or profit from.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The true-user-benefits phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">. The faithful—often those whose initial expectations included the realistic possibility of failed promise—carry on and find ways to turn the new technology to useful practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The asymptote-of-reality phase</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">. The technology lives on in accordance with its true contributions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A number of examples of the hype curve are given by Marks, including the Segway, cold fusion, and String Theory.<span> </span>Even in the realm of artificial intelligence it seems as those the hype curve begins to resurface again and again.<span> </span>What to do?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is where chapter six, “<b><i>Twelve Filters for AI Hype Detection</i></b>,” is so instructive and helpful.<span> </span>This chapter contains a brief, but masterful, demonstration of the teaching of critical thinking.<span> </span>And it is precisely this virtue of critical thinking that ought to the mainstay of higher education instruction.<span> </span>This chapter, although devoted to the topic of AI, has a much broader application.<span> </span>I cannot reproduce Marks’ entire presentation so I will simply quote his summation provided at the end of the chapter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">The Hype List</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In a nutshell, here is the list of twelve things to consider when reading AI news:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Outrageous Claims:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> If it sounds outrageous, maybe it is.<span> </span>Recognize that AI is riding high on the hype curve and that exaggerated reporting will be more hyperbolic than for more established technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Hedgings:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Look for hedge words like “promising,” “developing,” and “potentially,” which implicitly avoid saying anything definite.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Scrutiny Avoidance: </span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Any claim that such-and-such an AI advancement is a few years away may be made with sincerity but avoids immediate scrutiny.<span> </span>Short attention spans mean that when the sell date on the promise rolls around, few people are likely to notice.<span> </span>Remember the old proverb often attributed to quantum physicist Niels Bohr: “Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Consensus:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Beware of claims of consensus.<span> </span>Remember Michael Crichton’s claim that consensus regarding new technology and science is the “first refuge of scoundrels.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Entrenched Ideology:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Many AI claims conform to the writer’s ideology.<span> </span>AI claims from those adherents to materialism are constrained to exclude a wide range of rational reasoning that is external to their materialistic silos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Seductive Silos:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Claiming AI is conscious or self-aware without term definition can paint the AI as being more than it is.<span> </span>Seductive semantics is the stuff of marketing.<span> </span>In the extreme, it can misrepresent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Seductive Optics and the Frankenstein Complex:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> AI can be wrapped in a package that tries to increase the perception of its significance.<span> </span>Unrecognized, the psychological impact of the Frankenstein Complex and the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis can amplify perception far beyond technical reality.<span> </span>The human-appearing body in which a chatbot resides is secondary to its driving AI.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">True-ish:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Beware of those tricky headlines and claims that are almost true but intended to deceive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Citation Bluffing:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> Web articles and even scholarly journal papers can exaggerate or blatantly misrepresent the findings of others they cite.<span> </span>Checking primary sources can ferret out this form of deception.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Small-Silo Ignorance:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> The source of news and opinion always requires consideration, but those speaking outside of their silo of expertise need to be scrutinized with particular care, especially when the speakers are widely admired for their success in their silo.<span> </span>Don’t be dazzled by celebrity.<span> </span>This caution applies to famous actors speaking about politics but also to celebrated physicists speaking about computer science.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Assess the Source:</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"> I trust content more from the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> than from politically motivated sites like the <i>Huffington Post</i> or yellow journalism sites like the <i>National Enquirer</i>.<span> </span>But even if the article appears at a site or periodical that has earned a measure of trust, it’s wise to assess the writer of the article.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">Who Benefits?</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;">: Remember financial greed, relational desires, and the pursuit of power.<span> </span>These are the three factors used by police detectives in their investigation of crimes.<span> </span>They are also good points to remember when considering whether a report on AI is true or hype.<span> </span>Is there a hidden agenda or emotional blind spot?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As mentioned, this hype-detection list is applicable to a wide range of claims and our students can only be strengthened by inculcating these elements of critical thinking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.693334px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 17.120001px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">AI technologies are here to stay and we must navigate this techno-terrain with wisdom.<span> </span>Educating students about the hype curve as well as the principles of hype detection will equip them to responsibly interact with the new and emerging technologies. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://A127295B-988D-4518-BA0F-A43265BD870E#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666px;">[1]</span></span></span> Robert J. Marks, <i>Non-Computable You: What You Do That Artificial Intelligence Never Will</i> (Seattle: Discovery Institute Press, 2022), 42. A more rigorous formulation of the Lovelace Test (LT) is found on page 359 in the endnotes: “Artificial agent A, designed by H, passes LT if and only if (1) A outputs o; (2) A’s outputting o is not the result of a fluke hardware error, but rather the result of processes A can repeat; (3) H (or someone who knows what H knows, and has H’s resources) cannot explain how A produced o.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://A127295B-988D-4518-BA0F-A43265BD870E#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666px;">[2]</span></span></span> Marks, 102.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-10247471098458430232024-01-31T16:28:00.001-07:002024-01-31T16:28:48.491-07:00Missional Professors: The Need for Theological and Philosophical Maturity<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> * From Paul Gould's <i style="font-weight: bold;">The Outrageous Idea of the Missional Professor</i>...</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvaKvkJgKBRToM0fRQ8WThfDDHBo2JQBzG8B8NXh_af7aNi5MHZPJxDUHCca0dlfamLdxDf0FspgldEIK_AVrJCk8_wrPhaebVZieUihCqOaQ-hpzvao97s7VJFXw-wgTohw1mRLv2Jsm2y6JChUJ7LISB9Oyuabk223z51zLPIqvlK-tdAWZZ2BCRnc/s1000/Gould_Missional%20Professor%20cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvaKvkJgKBRToM0fRQ8WThfDDHBo2JQBzG8B8NXh_af7aNi5MHZPJxDUHCca0dlfamLdxDf0FspgldEIK_AVrJCk8_wrPhaebVZieUihCqOaQ-hpzvao97s7VJFXw-wgTohw1mRLv2Jsm2y6JChUJ7LISB9Oyuabk223z51zLPIqvlK-tdAWZZ2BCRnc/s320/Gould_Missional%20Professor%20cover.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><ul></ul></div><p></p><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Finally, while experts within their own particular fields of study, Christian professors often possess a Sunday school level of education when it comes to matters theological and philosophical. A missional professor, however, must be competent, even well-versed, in such matters. Sadly, this is rarely the case, and the result is a patchwork attempt to integrate one's faith with one's scholarly work and an inability to fit the pieces of one's life into God's larger story. Christian professors who are seeking to be faithful witnesses for Christ within the secular academy face immense challenges." (p. 7)</span></blockquote>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-34218740371815716452024-01-19T10:48:00.001-07:002024-01-19T10:48:44.829-07:00Christian Academics and the Temptation of Compartmentalization<p><span style="font-size: medium;">Paul Gould on Christian academics and the temptation of compartmentalization.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzKewN0iGxw-Wx-_h1u2fLsEqPt9_LtDIdADGWzpfPpGqr4g9pl72im75maij4smMfRpgqi6eAss1VNANPNbWSQFYzO9gWFF-74nntSg5J1FPUtyZOHOwyykIjJe4sZE_S_bnQZYGE2iZn84uacEfEbRqE7EkoZKPwIUjdtCKFVxUH0_-fwZntaf8zilU/s499/Two%20Tasks_Christian%20Scholar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="324" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzKewN0iGxw-Wx-_h1u2fLsEqPt9_LtDIdADGWzpfPpGqr4g9pl72im75maij4smMfRpgqi6eAss1VNANPNbWSQFYzO9gWFF-74nntSg5J1FPUtyZOHOwyykIjJe4sZE_S_bnQZYGE2iZn84uacEfEbRqE7EkoZKPwIUjdtCKFVxUH0_-fwZntaf8zilU/s320/Two%20Tasks_Christian%20Scholar.jpg" width="208" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“The impulse of modern society is to compartmentalize our lives.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Public/private, sacred/secular, work/play, and so on.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Modern man and modern society has lost its spiritual center, becoming fragmented and hurried—but only God know what for!</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">In this cultural milieu, the Christian scholar who bravely resists this impulse toward fragmentation finds the situation exacerbated due to two countervailing pressures that often pull in opposite directions.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">On the one hand, the secular ethos of the university presses Christian scholars to conduct their research and teaching in purely secular terms and motifs.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If Christian scholars want a place at the table, they must play by the rules of the academic game.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">A strict wall of separation between church and states exists, and any effort to tear down the wall is looked on with either suspicion or outright incredulity.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">On the other hand, the Christian scholar is committed to a particular view of the world that is often quite antithetical to the established secular ethos.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Christian universe is a God-centered universe.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If Jesus is Lord, he is Lord of all areas of thought and life.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">In fact, the Bible claims that in Jesus ‘are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge’ (Col. 2:3).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Thus, the Christian scholar himself often becomes disintegrated, compartmentalizing his ‘scholarly life’ from his ‘spiritual life’ as he attempts to navigate between the Scylla of religious fundamentalism and the Charybdis of accommodationism.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Any attempts to invoke a Christian perspective to science (for example) in the university are quickly labeled as fundamentalist attempts to promote religion masquerading as science.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Any attempts to utilize non-biblical conceptual schemes erected by thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, or Kant in order to shape and guide research and teaching are (sometimes) viewed by the church as selling out to accommodationism.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The net result of these opposing pressures is that the Christian scholar is left in a sort of ‘no-mans land’—viewed with suspicion by both the church and the university.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">And within the secular academy, religion is relegated to the sidelines.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span 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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">“It is possible to live an integrated life within secular academia today? Can a Christian scholar integrate his faith with his chosen discipline in such a way as to avoid the charge of either fundamentalism or accommodationism?” --Paul Gould<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Paul Gould, “The Two Tasks Introduced: The Fully Integrated Life of the Christian Scholar,” in <i>The Two Tasks of the Christian Scholar: Redeeming the Soul, Redeeming the Mind</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2007), 17-18.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-7644772982845799872023-12-11T21:38:00.003-07:002023-12-11T21:38:29.741-07:00Boldness in Standing for Christ on the Campus: Challenging Stereotypes by Standing Out<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i> * Part of an email I sent to fellow Christian professors.</i></span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For your consideration....</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I was looking again at an article by Baylor sociologist, George Yancey, <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24580180&source=gmail&ust=1702436990370000&usg=AOvVaw3Lqj5ixJeDTRlVfd3C5-FE" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24580180" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">"How Academics View Conservative Protestants"</a> <i>Sociology of Religion</i> (June 2015). Yancey's specialization (one among many) is the anti-conservative Christian bias found in the educational arena. Here are a few quotations from the essay:</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"A sizable body of research has demonstrated an anti-conservative Christian perspective among academics." (First sentence of essay)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Professors in universities and colleges rate political conservatives negatively, and religious conservatives--particularly conservative Protestants like evangelicals and fundamentalists--even more negatively. For example, Tobin and Weinberg's (2007) survey of 1,200 college professors found that 53% admitted negative feelings about evangelicals. Yancey (2011) found that about 40% of professors surveyed said that they would be less likely to hire a prospective employee for their department if that candidate was an evangelical, and about 50% would be less likely to hire a prospective employee if the candidate is a fundamentalist. This negative bias has ramifications. One study indicates that conservative Protestant students claim everyday experiences of discrimination in academia similar to the levels of discrimination reported by traditionally targeted groups, like women and blacks (Hyers 2008). Other research shows that this antipathy affects hiring decisions (Yancey 2011) and graduate school admission (Gunn and Zenner Jr. 1996)." (p. 2--note my page numbers are from a pre-print version)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"We argue that there are two possible reasons for the rejection of conservative Protestants by academics: symbolic boundaries and lack of contact." (p. 2)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"This propensity to envision themselves [the progressive critics of conservative Christians] in a culture war helps explain some of our respondents' critique of evangelicals proselytizing. This proselytizing may be a threat to these scholars since religious conversion may generate more opponents to their political and social goals. Thus it is not surprising that several respondents make negative comments about the evangelical desire to convert others... (p. 13)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Certain respondents view conservative Protestants as a threat to societal well-being... They fear that evangelicals will win support for an agenda these academics perceive as dangerous." (p. 13)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Academics are unlikely to personally identify with conservative Protestants or have many conservative Protestant friends. This may lead to an ignorance of conservative Protestants that feeds into negative stereotypes toward that out-group. Those with closer ties to conservative Protestants gave the most academic definitions and also have the most positive attitudes toward conservative Protestants." (p. 17)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> "Conservative Protestants are disliked to the degree that they are perceived as oppressors both now and in the past which helps explain why evangelicals are rated lower by academics than other proselytizing groups, like Muslims (Tobin and Weinberg 2007; Yancey 2011)." (p. 17)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Yancey speaks of a "silencing effect which keeps conservative Protestants 'in the closet.'" (p. 18)</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The final paragraph of the article (and this, if I may interject, may be where the "money is" for us in terms of practical application):</span></li><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"This silence reduces the potential of conservative Protestant academics to use intergroup contact to challenge common religious stereotypes in academia. The detached, guarded manner in which they discuss their religious beliefs may create social comfort for other academics, but also helps those scholars maintain symbolic barriers toward conservative Protestants. Thus, even when conservative Protestant academics act in ways that defy anti-religious stereotypes, their hesitation to openly embrace a conservative Protestant identity makes it harder for other academics to tie those actions to conservative Protestantism, which might create a cognitive dissonance about that stereotype. Conservative Protestant academics' strategy for dealing with possible stigmatization may unintentionally reinforce a social atmosphere that perpetuates academic marginalization of conservative Protestantism." (p. 19)</span></li></ul></ul><div><span style="font-size: medium;">I post these quotations, not to create a sense of fear, but, rather, to move us to greater boldness in expressing ourselves and our academic work as explicitly Christian. This obviously requires wisdom and winsomeness but failure to do this ("openly embrace a conservative Protestant identity") may actually backfire and create a more negative effect in the long run (according to Yancey). This is to start a conversation among us--not dictate a set of rules. Toward that end, here are a few questions to ponder--and hopefully, we can ponder them together! (Feel free to respond in this email thread)</span></div><div><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Have you seen an anti-conservative Christian bias in your department or career?</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In what ways (if any) do you see or sense your campus to have an environment which stigmatizes Christianity (or versions of Christianity)?</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Have you ever self-censored your Christian identity at your campus out of a sense of fear?</span></li></ul><ul><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In what ways could you manifest a greater boldness in self-consciously living out your Christian identity on your campus--before students, fellow faculty, and administration?</span></li></ul></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-16461588984412778972023-12-11T21:31:00.002-07:002023-12-11T21:31:19.097-07:00Christian Professors: Showing Yourself to Be a Christian to Your Students<p><span style="font-size: large;"> From the book <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Grander-Story-Invitation-Christian-Professors/dp/1573341045/ref=sr_1_1?crid=I703RGATDIRM&keywords=a+grander+story+an+invitation+to+christian+professors&qid=1702355226&sprefix=a+grander+story%2Caps%2C355&sr=8-1">A Grander Story: An Invitation to Christian Professors</a> </i>giving perspective on when Christian professors should let their students and fellow faculty know they are Christians.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAw7_gDeqdxLC0LPpF6AVGzZk-NWVcaVToFg6hPo_YFLkQTwnWwowp_jmGNQ-LGnRxb-iaVfLDlluKWbQSGUEssfECXWgRzfQNBtPSYzr6IT2E92zgKMah_xGu-lq-vDf2oB3RtdslJ5FKtD1XZWvGYeXu6A87kY-DPhrVf71c-znccNbl8UNNNsh5lJE/s1128/Christian%20Prof1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1096" data-original-width="1128" height="530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAw7_gDeqdxLC0LPpF6AVGzZk-NWVcaVToFg6hPo_YFLkQTwnWwowp_jmGNQ-LGnRxb-iaVfLDlluKWbQSGUEssfECXWgRzfQNBtPSYzr6IT2E92zgKMah_xGu-lq-vDf2oB3RtdslJ5FKtD1XZWvGYeXu6A87kY-DPhrVf71c-znccNbl8UNNNsh5lJE/w544-h530/Christian%20Prof1.jpeg" width="544" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLsnKuyBlB8Cq_V16NxhW5zlI3kolFQUpQLAyQKmOEs10CDk0Rbx0vq1n3sKtfNzrbDwy9YMe0E4Yd1Tur-z86iNVOFq4yiDwEKwP4xMXwPg0hxsQ257AP7avFyYgdwTNPi0MjzeL8Kx_or8m3PViRrKilUidqsyU5UZ8L6NIWzBDWM5nh4oFswm0ltHI/s1649/Christian%20Prof2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1649" data-original-width="1110" height="812" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLsnKuyBlB8Cq_V16NxhW5zlI3kolFQUpQLAyQKmOEs10CDk0Rbx0vq1n3sKtfNzrbDwy9YMe0E4Yd1Tur-z86iNVOFq4yiDwEKwP4xMXwPg0hxsQ257AP7avFyYgdwTNPi0MjzeL8Kx_or8m3PViRrKilUidqsyU5UZ8L6NIWzBDWM5nh4oFswm0ltHI/w546-h812/Christian%20Prof2.jpeg" width="546" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOuvs72yx21XdMk9VZGC4Rxhs5gPiyTiJ4hfOIVUKLs46HdISX9LH7ZOQbbUIJ_ReAn5pQ4xSNKIYEkwLy-6HRzeYfe7bMOMpgx61vCY0fE5oTmLIvdFVtLcGqpBWSraSm-gSR7FGx1_-AB7RlCR3_k57jGnGKib0-4D7-AOk8ShEjX-6cQkQTis8rIkM/s1481/Christian%20Prof3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1481" data-original-width="1075" height="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOuvs72yx21XdMk9VZGC4Rxhs5gPiyTiJ4hfOIVUKLs46HdISX9LH7ZOQbbUIJ_ReAn5pQ4xSNKIYEkwLy-6HRzeYfe7bMOMpgx61vCY0fE5oTmLIvdFVtLcGqpBWSraSm-gSR7FGx1_-AB7RlCR3_k57jGnGKib0-4D7-AOk8ShEjX-6cQkQTis8rIkM/w558-h770/Christian%20Prof3.jpeg" width="558" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-50394889418221240322023-12-11T21:19:00.006-07:002023-12-11T21:19:54.636-07:00Secular Thinkers on the Campus: Influencing Students<p><span style="font-size: large;"> A few quotations from secular thinkers showing the need for Christian professors to be salt and light on their campuses.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Bjb1XDXgJuyhxYHA8Vxgvp73aGR-ul2uN0ey7CG3WX9IytOU75QkmQ93TmYQtxxUIJxxQYiLMOCP41KQlNtVWPPyytSakMkpevarobQM_HJdSueZqnA4Pd2NaZSskl4HNqlqbZ8Npca1QcaGYmtBkg7XiCZpNqLvVkvy7vbKutp3mdAPUQuTr3kU7K8/s1276/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-11%20at%209.16.32%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1134" data-original-width="1276" height="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Bjb1XDXgJuyhxYHA8Vxgvp73aGR-ul2uN0ey7CG3WX9IytOU75QkmQ93TmYQtxxUIJxxQYiLMOCP41KQlNtVWPPyytSakMkpevarobQM_HJdSueZqnA4Pd2NaZSskl4HNqlqbZ8Npca1QcaGYmtBkg7XiCZpNqLvVkvy7vbKutp3mdAPUQuTr3kU7K8/w540-h479/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-11%20at%209.16.32%20PM.png" width="540" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-77516457050895245392023-12-04T18:30:00.002-07:002023-12-04T18:30:17.793-07:00Coherentism: Problems<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">B<sup>1</sup> is a belief with observational status within Coherent System A.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">According to Bonjour, “the observational status of a belief [B<sup>1</sup>] can be recognized <i>in a justified way</i> from within the person’s system of beliefs, for only then could this status be used as a partial basis for the justification of such a belief, which then would allow such observational beliefs to appealed to for these various further purposes.” (p. 195)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">B<sup>1</sup> is justified by belief B<sup>2</sup>—“But for a coherentist, the basis for such a recognition can only be the further belief, itself supposedly justified by coherence, that a given belief has this status.” (p. 195)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="height: 247px; left: -12px; position: absolute; top: -33px; width: 500px;"></span></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh23qs-lfFuM7FMagS3oHC77uhgxfqf4cGn8ykGtmJ_wazMoHoi4fJcmc4IL6beBdSBgl2TK2KkV0d8pS0cAIVIlPRXrHqo5-YIdTjqx1kLiajFpePSNBLMyibGlsjJ38WUK-vQplcPTZAZO1mKubhynJLwhTCIbUQlcY32K7TV0GG-rQ9PwikTzQ6Gf7c/s1796/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-04%20at%206.23.24%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="1796" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh23qs-lfFuM7FMagS3oHC77uhgxfqf4cGn8ykGtmJ_wazMoHoi4fJcmc4IL6beBdSBgl2TK2KkV0d8pS0cAIVIlPRXrHqo5-YIdTjqx1kLiajFpePSNBLMyibGlsjJ38WUK-vQplcPTZAZO1mKubhynJLwhTCIbUQlcY32K7TV0GG-rQ9PwikTzQ6Gf7c/w486-h246/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-04%20at%206.23.24%20PM.png" width="486" /></a></div><p></p><p><br clear="ALL" /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">But another coherent system with differing beliefs could also have beliefs within it which justify beliefs with observational status. Think of Coherent System B with B<sup>1*</sup> which is justified by B<sup>2*</sup>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“As long as it only beliefs and the relations among them that can be appealed to for justification, the beliefs that a specific observation has occurred is all that matters, and whether such a belief was really caused in the right way becomes entirely irrelevant.” (p. 195)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Thus, one cannot, on coherentism, “distinguish genuine observational input from this counterfeit variety.” (p. 195) </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The coherentist wants to allow for observational inputs but there is no guarantee that the observational beliefs link up a mind-independent world. Coherence of beliefs is only internal to the agent. There is not direct access to the world through knowledge by acquaintance as one might have on a foundationalist understanding.</span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This appears, to me, to be a powerful critique. The initial plausibility of coherentism being able to accommodate perceptual inputs which create beliefs is only rendered plausible if a foundationalist understanding is smuggled in. Once the inner consistency of the coherentism view is made clear—only other beliefs within one noetic structure can serve to justify other beliefs—then the problems as outlined by Bonjour are manifest.</span></span><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-25694695662882830762023-12-04T17:33:00.002-07:002023-12-04T17:33:19.347-07:00Critique of Laurence BonJour's Indirect Representational Realism<p> <span style="font-size: medium;"><i>* A paper written for an epistemology class for Biola's MA in philosophy.</i></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">AN INDIRECT DEFENSE OF DIRECT REALISM BY A DIRECT CHALLENGE<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">TO LAURENCE BONJOUR’S INDIRECT REPRESENTATIONAL REALISM<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Direct realism is motivated by pre-philosophical intuitions that seem to orient one’s beliefs in an external world with which one is in direct contact. However, direct realism has fallen on hard times.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Since direct realism is seen as problematic, this sets up a search for other views which are more philosophically defensible. Laurence BonJour’s version of <i>indirect representational realism</i> is one influential version of representationalism. The following examination of BonJour’s views will proceed in two steps. First, I will provide a brief expositional outline of Bonjour’s views regarding indirect realism. These include, (i) realist intuitions that motivate a belief in an objective, external world, (ii) the denial of direct access to this objective, external world, and (iii) the belief that any such access to this objective, external world must be indirect access via mental representations. The second step will consist in an examination of some deep internal problems with BonJour’s views. This failure of indirect realism, coupled with the acknowledged realist intuitions, will motivate a renewed examination of direct realism. Although a full-fledged defense of direct realism is impossible in this short paper, the argumentation contained here will serve to clear away the option offered by BonJour, thus opening up avenues for a reconsideration of direct realism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">BonJour’s Indirect Representational Realism</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>BonJour is a realist in that he affirms a mind-independent external world which a subject can access.<span> </span>He acknowledges these realist intuitions when he speaks of “our <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ingrained inclinations to describe the experiential content in physical-object terms.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>Later he refers to “the approximately commonsensical idea that my sensory experiences are systematically caused by a realm of 3-dimensional objects”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>A recognition of these realist intuitions will be important when assessing BonJour’s views since it is precisely these realist inclinations that will work against BonJour’s overall position.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>Although BonJour affirms realism, he denies the traditional notion of a <i>direct</i> realism.<span> </span>BonJour summarizes the representationalist view under two theses:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[F]irst, that what is perceived <i>directly</i> or <i>immediately</i> in sensory experience is not ‘external’ physical or material objects, but rather entities that are mental or subjective in character—sense data or sensa, according to the most standard versions of the view; and second, that the only available (reasonably cogent) reasons deriving from perception for thinking that perceptual beliefs about the physical world are true depend on inference from facts about these directly perceived mental or subjective entities, i.e., from facts about the character and contours of subjective sensory experience, to conclusions about physical or material objects.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus, according to BonJour’s first thesis, what the subject has access to are representations of the world in one’s conscious states; there is no direct access to the external world.<span> </span>Bonjour does speak of “direct comparison or ‘confrontation’ between a conceptual description and the non-conceptual chunk of reality that it purports to describe,” but he is quick to add the important caveat: “Such a confrontation is only possible, to be sure, where <b><i>the reality in question is itself a conscious state</i></b> and where the description in question pertains to the conscious content of that very state.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>BonJour’s second thesis regarding the inference from sensory mental states to the conclusion of an external world is also important.<span> </span>Here BonJour must argue against Berkeleyan idealism.<span> </span>To engage the specter of idealism, BonJour makes a distinction between analog and digital explanations.<span> </span>As used by BonJour, an analog explanation attempts to explain the features of the world “by appeal directly to the basic features of the objects in the hypothesized world.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>On the other hand, a digital explanation of the experience one is having is appeals,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 3pt; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“to the combination of (i) something like a <i>representation</i> of a world, together with (ii) some agent or mechanism that produces experience in perceivers like us in a way that mimics the experience that we would have if the represented world were actual and we were located in it, even though neither of these things is in fact the case.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An analog explanation, in this context, would mean that the sensory experience in the subject is being produced by an objective, external world.<span> </span>Whereas the digital explanation would appeal to some distorting force or figure (i.e., a Cartesian demon or Berkeley’s God directly causing the sensory experiences without a corresponding external world).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From this distinction, BonJour argues that the digital explanation is less simple and by a principle “something like Ockham’s Razor” he argues that the analog explanation is the better one.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Problems with BonJour’s Indirect Representational Realism </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>BonJour’s position is fraught with two key internal tensions: (1) the problem of non-conceptual awareness and (2) no justified contact with the external world.<span> </span>To <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">understand (1) it will be important to understand a key dilemma that must be overcome.<span> </span>The dilemma has its roots with Wilfrid Sellars’ challenge regarding the “myth of the given” but its articulation can be found in BonJour himself.<span> </span>BonJour writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[T]he givenist is caught in a fundamental dilemma: if his intuitions or immediate apprehensions are construed as cognitive, then they will be both capable of giving justification and in need of it themselves; if they are non-cognitive, then they do not need justification but are also apparently incapable of providing it.<span> </span>This is at bottom why epistemological givenness is a myth.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With BonJour’s turn to foundationalism, he must answer this challenge.<span> </span>He seeks to overcome this dilemma in the following manner.<span> </span>Acknowledging the second horn of the dilemma, BonJour affirms that a non-conceptual (“non-cognitive”) phenomenon cannot stand in a logical relation, but it can be construed in a descriptive relation.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>He then argues that the non-conceptual phenomena in question here is of a special nature.<span> </span>BonJour’s key move is described in this manner:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But in the very special case we are concerned with, where the non-conceptual item being described is <i>itself</i> a conscious state, my suggestion is that one can be aware of its character via the constitutive or “built-in” awareness of content without the need for a further conceptual description and thereby be in a position to recognize that a belief about that state is correct without raising any further issue of justification.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This “built-in awareness” is, in his words, a “non-apperceptive awareness”—a non-cognitive awareness.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>It is here that BonJour’s view runs into conceptual difficulty.<span> </span>What exactly is a non-cognitive awareness of a non-cognitive sensory content?<span> </span>As Steven Porter aptly notes,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It would seem that a non-conceptual grasp of the non-conceptual content of a non-conceptual state is a conceptually empty grasp of conceptually empty content of a conceptually empty state.<span> </span>This awareness is supposed to be conceptually described, but it is far from clear <i>what</i> the subject is aware <i>of</i> in a non-conceptual awareness of a non-conceptual state which can serve as the object of description.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In seeking to avoid the dilemma described above, BonJour has attempted to use a philosophical notion which appears epistemically vacuous.<span> </span>As Porter argues, “<i>non-conceptual </i>awareness is a contradiction in terms.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>It would appear that conceptualized perceptual awareness cannot so easily be dismissed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>The second major problem for BonJour is that his view does not end up justifying belief in an external world.<span> </span>It is important to remember that BonJour is motivated by realist intuitions; internal sensory states are indicative of an external world of three-dimensional objects.<span> </span>The basic move here is that one can inferentially move from internal representational states to an objective external world.<span> </span>BonJour dispenses with alternative hypotheses (e.g., Berkeleyan idealism) by his use of analog explanations versus digital explanations.<span> </span>The analog explanation of an objective external world is preferred to the digital explanations since digital explanations are arbitrary and not as simple of explanations.<span> </span>In his critical analysis of BonJour, Steven Porter acknowledges that it is true that there is no reason to prefer digital explanation over another digital explanation and that it is true that is arbitrary to prefer a digital explanation over an analog explanation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But Porter accurately assesses the situation when he notes the following:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 3pt; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But it does not follow from these two facts that we now possess a non-arbitrary reason to prefer the quasi-commonsensical hypothesis.<span> </span>Unless there is something in sense experience that calls for the quasi-commonsensical hypothesis over the others, the same arbitrariness would equally attach itself to the quasi-commonsensical hypothesis.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">BonJour is seeking to argue that the reason to prefer the analogical explanation of an external world as the cause of one’s sensory states is that the phenomenology of one’s internal sensory states suggests an objective external world.<span> </span>But it is precisely here that BonJour’s representationalism cuts one off from the external world.<span> </span>What reason, given only one’s internal representational states, can there be given to prefer one explanation (analog) over another (digital)?<span> </span>Steven Porter uses a helpful example to show the philosophical problem inherent in BonJour’s view.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let us suppose that we are watching a film and an image resembling the Golden Gate Bridge appears on the screen.<span> </span>Some philosophically attuned, inconsiderate movie whisperer poses the question as to whether the image is actual footage of the Golden Gate Bridge or whether it is a computer-generated image.<span> </span>In other words, did the Golden Gate Bridge itself cause the image on the film (i.e., an analog explanation) or did a computer cause the image (i.e., a digital explanation)?<span> </span>Of course, the image itself bears features which closely align with the features of the actual Golden Gate Bridge and which do not closely align with the features of a computer.<span> </span>But this fact does not give us any reason to prefer the explanation that the image we are seeing was caused by filming the actual Golden Gate Bridge over and against the explanation that the image was caused by a computer which was used to digitally represent the bridge.<span> </span>Indeed, there is nothing about the image of the Golden Gate Bridge which would lead us to prefer one explanation or the other if all that we have access to is the image and both explanations are in all other respects equal in their ability to account for the image.<span> </span>If, of course, we had independent access to the actual Golden Gate Bridge, we could compare the actual features to the features of the image on the screen, and perhaps determine whether the image is an analog or digital production.<span> </span>But if we only have access to the feature of the image, any preference for the analog or digital explanation based on those features alone would be arbitrary.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">According to BonJour’s representational indirect realism there is no possibility of having direct access to reality by which to compare the features of the actual world with the features of one’s internal sensory states.<span> </span>All one has are mental representations of the external world and analog and digital explanations can equally account for this mental representation.<span> </span>Even if BonJour attempts to argue that his analog explanation is superior to the digital explanation of Berkeley due to simplicity, this argument can be overcome by noting that according to Berkeleyan idealism only one causal entity is postulated “while BonJour must postulate a multitude of physical objects, their properties, and the causal powers and relations essential to the quasi-commonsensical view.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>Thus, BonJour is left without any rational preference for his analogical explanation.<span> </span>In the end, “BonJour’s position leaves us with justified beliefs about appearances but without justified beliefs about the external world.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">BonJour’s Caveat and Rejoinder </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>Granting realist intuitions and recognizing the internal tensions inherent in BonJour’s view of indirect representational realism, one might think that a reconsideration of direct realism would be in order.<span> </span>However, BonJour argues against such a move in the following manner:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No matter how difficult or even seemingly impossible the representationalist’s attempted inference from subjective experience to the material world may turn out to be, this is not enough by itself to show that direct realism provides a better epistemological alternative or indeed that it provides one at all.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">BonJour argues that unless the direct realist can give a positive account of how perceptual beliefs are justified then the door is open for the representationalist view “as the only apparent contender in the field (phenomenalism aside), however allegedly problematic it may be.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span>BonJour’s thought can be captured in the following manner:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Realist intuitions motivate a belief in an objective external world composed of three-dimensional objects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Direct realism cannot provide a positive account for justified perceptual beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">No matter the difficulties, indirect representational realism is the only apparent contender in line with the realist intuitions of (1) above.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But the defender of direct realism could mirror this reasoning in the following manner:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Realist intuitions motivate a belief in an objective external world composed of three-dimensional objects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Indirect representational realism cannot provide a positive account for justified perceptual beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">No matter the difficulties, direct realism is the only apparent contender in line with the realist intuitions of (1) above.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The defender of direct realism defends (4) by an appeal to the analysis offered above about the inherent contradictions and tensions in BonJour’s defense of his views.<span> </span>Thus, (5) follows and provides the impetus to reexamine the details in defense of direct realism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Steven Porter accurately captures this dialectic.<span> </span>After summarizing the key problems with BonJour’s views, he writes, “These problems seem to offer insuperable difficulties for representationalism.<span> </span>But many have come at things the other way around.<span> </span>Starting with the natural view of direct realism they find defeaters of it, which lead them to the next best thing from the realist point of view—that is, representationalism.”<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>But this dialectic, as set up by BonJour, should be challenged.<span> </span>Granting the realist intuitions of (1), which are affirmed by BonJour, and considering the deeply problematic tensions within BonJour’s indirect representational realism, this should motivate a reconsideration of direct realism.<span> </span>It is beyond the purview of this paper to attempt to this larger project; it has been the more modest project to clear the field of BonJour’s defense of representationalism.<a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">For a series of arguments against DR with potential replies see Pierre Le Morvan’s “Arguments Against Direct Realism and How to Counter Them,” <i>American Philosophical Quarterly</i> 41 (2004), 221-234.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 240.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 244.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “In Search of Direct Realism,” <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i> 69.2 (2004), 350.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 235—emphasis added.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 244.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 244.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> Laurence BonJour, “Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?” <i>American Philosophical Quarterly</i> 15.1 (1978), 11. This formulation is found in BonJour’s “coherentist” stage, but he recognizes the problem in his later “foundationalist” perspective. He lays out the same dilemma in “Foundationalism and the External World” (page 231) where he states, “It is this dilemma that has always seemed to me to be the most fundamental objection to empirical foundationalism.” In this latter paper, BonJour is specifically seeking to meet the dilemma’s challenge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 235.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 235.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “Foundationalism and the External World,” in <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 13, edited James E. Tomberlin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 233.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 82.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 83.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 84.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 85-86.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn16"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 88.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn17"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 88.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn18"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “In Search of Direct Realism,” <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i> 69.2 (2004), 351.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn19"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Laurence BonJour, “In Search of Direct Realism,” <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i> 69.2 (2004), 351.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn20"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[20]</span></span> Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i>(Lexington, 2006), 98.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn21"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://D1FA96DF-D175-4EF5-9E6F-15256E4F0666#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[21]</span></span> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For attempts at the larger project of explicating and defending direct realism see the following: Pierre Le Morvan, “Arguments Against Direct Realism and How to Counter Them,” <i>American Philosophical Quarterly</i> 41 (2004), 221-234 and Steven L. Porter, <i>Restoring the Foundations of Epistemic Justification: A Direct Realist and Conceptualist Theory of Foundationalism</i> (Lexington, 2006).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-90248669438822862552023-11-12T17:56:00.001-07:002023-11-12T17:56:35.996-07:00Christian Sexuality: 1 Corinthians 6,9-20<p> <span style="font-size: medium;">A sermon I preached on 1 Corinthians 6.9-20 on "Christian Sexuality." The notes I used for the sermon are posted below. (NOTE: The last part of the sermon where I examine the contemporary slogan "love is love" is not contained in the notes.)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qx1-1QAqxjE?si=3IKCgcFK6Q0tippB" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><div><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Series on sexuality<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our time </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> sexual anarchy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our time considers itself </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> “Progressive” and “Enlightened”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Orthodox Christianity’s sexual ethic is considered:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Antiquated<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Oppressive<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mere negation </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> “Don’t do ______________ !”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nancy Pearcey (<i>Love Thy Body</i>, 156)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“When we make sexual decisions, we are not just deciding to follow a few rules. We are expressing our view of the cosmos and human nature.”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Short series<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Can’t say and do everything<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Can’t answer every question and challenge to the Bible<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Can’t provide every nuance and qualification<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Issues of the CONTENT of the Bible on sexual ethics<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">And APPLICATIONS and ATTITUDES<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Homosexuality and the differing roles of the church<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Prophetic role</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">To our culture <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Focus: Ideas/philosophy that are ingrained in culture (entertainment, media, law, background assumptions)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Protective role</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">For the purity of the church; listen to God’s word in faithfulness<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Focus: False teachers <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pastoral role</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">For the sanctification of those in the church<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Focus: Spiritual compassion, guidance, and growth<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Focus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Pastoral and Protective<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">If we cannot articulate and defend and pass on the Christian sexual ethic <b><i><span style="background: yellow;">in the church,</span></i></b>then there is no hope of transforming the larger culture!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“To attempt to change culture by merely changing its laws is at best cosmetic. Our priority is to change the hearts and minds of people. This is slow, arduous work… That is, we must begin to reseed culture from the ground up, as it were, <span style="background: yellow;">training and educating our own in terms of broader Christian worldview thinking</span> so we are prepared to impart values to broader culture. If we resist or ignore long-term efforts to educate and penetrate culture by changing the way people think, no amount of ‘godly legislation’—or evangelism, for that matter—will ever be able to change culture at the root. It will be the equivalent of pouring Rose Lime Juice on cancer.” --J. Daryl Charles<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1 Corinthians 6.9-11</span></u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Eternal life is at stake<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Do not be deceived” </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> potential for deception on this point!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sin list </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 10 items mentioned<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">4 (40%) are sexual in nature!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“sexually immoral” (ESV) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <i>porneia</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Adulterers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Men who practice homosexuality” </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 2 Greek words<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">ESV footnote: “The two Greek terms translated by this phrase refer to the passive and active partners in consensual homosexual acts.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Note on interpretation of texts that speak against homosexual activity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Revise</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> the text </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> make it say something else; narrow the application<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Example: exploitive same-sex relationship<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Reject</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> the text<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“The task demands intellectual honesty. I have little patience with efforts to make Scripture say something other than what it says, through appeals to linguistic or cultural subtleties. The exegetical situation is straightforward: we know what the text says. But what are we to <i>do</i> with what the text says? We must state our grounds for standing in tension with the clear commands of Scripture, and include in those grounds some basis in Scripture itself.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“I think it important to state clearly that we do, in fact, reject the straightforward commands of Scripture, and appeal instead to another authority when we declare that same-sex unions can be holy and good. And what exactly is that authority? We appeal explicitly to the weight of our experience and the experience thousands of others have witnessed to, which tells us that to claim our own sexual orientation is in fact to accept the way in which God has created us. By so doing, we explicitly reject as well the premises of the scriptural statements condemning homosexuality—namely, that it is a vice freely chosen, a symptom of human corruption, and disobedience to God’s created order.”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gospel is part of Paul’s message here </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> verse 11!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Notice the Persons of the Trinity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Notice the elements of Salvation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Washed<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sanctified<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Justified<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Leads into our next section…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1 Corinthians 6.12-20</span></u><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Detailed look at 1 Corinthians 6.12-20<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Problem: <b><i>Behavior</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Visiting prostitutes (v. 15)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Problem: <b><i>Theology/Ideas/Worldview</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Faulty view of <i><u>ethics</u></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Faulty view of <i><u>eschatology</u></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Faulty view of the <i><u>body</u></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul’s Response<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul doesn’t just say, “Stop it!”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">He refutes the false ideas (theology) and argues <b><i>from the gospel to the truth of proper sexual behavior</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Corinthian Slogans<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">There are three slogans from the Corinthian church to which Paul is responding.<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">ESV translation highlights two of the three by quotation marks but on the second slogan the ESV stops short<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">ESV: “All things are lawful for me” (v. 12)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">ESV: “Food is meant for the stomach and the stomach for food” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Should add in quotation marks: “and God will destroy both one and the other.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Third quotation is in verse 18: “Every sin that a man commits is outside the body.”</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium; color: black; font-variant-caps: normal; margin-left: 72.9pt;"><tbody><tr><td style="background: rgb(191, 191, 191); border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="top" width="41"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Verse</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(191, 191, 191); border-color: black black black currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 289.1pt;" valign="top" width="385"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Slogan</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(191, 191, 191); border-color: black black black currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Idea</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="top" width="41"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 289.1pt;" valign="top" width="385"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“All things are lawful for me” (2x’s)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ethics</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="top" width="41"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 289.1pt;" valign="top" width="385"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Food is for the stomach and the stomach is for food, but God will do away with both of them.”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Eschatology</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="top" width="41"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 289.1pt;" valign="top" width="385"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Every sin that a man commits is outside the body”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p></td><td style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Body</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul’s responses to the Corinthian slogans<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“All things are lawful for me”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (2x’s in v. 12)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Paul, you taught we’re free from the law.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“No ethical constraints on the use of my body.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul’s response: Christian freedom has limits (v. 12)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Limited by <b><i>love</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> not all things are “profitable”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“So the ethical question we have to have ask ourselves is not merely, ‘Is this or that activity okay for me to do?’ The question is, ‘Will this or that activity be a help or a hindrance to my brothers and sisters in Christ?’”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Limited by <b><i>lordship</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> “I will not be mastered by anything”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ultimate allegiance is to Jesus Christ!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Not be “mastered”—lorded over—by another<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Food is for the stomach, and the stomach is for food, but God will do away with both of them.”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (v. 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2 Arguments here from the Corinthians perspective…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Teleology (purpose) of the body<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Stomach is for food.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sex organs are for sex.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Human body’s design reveals its purpose; if it’s “natural” it must be right<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Corinthians: “What could be wrong using the body according to its purpose?”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Eschatology </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> physical bodies give way to death<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Since every person must ultimately die and lost their body to the dust, God must not care much about physical bodies… From this, the Corinthians concluded that the physical body figured very little in God’s moral economy.”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Corinthian perspective: “moral irrelevance of the body<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul’s response: Union with Christ and the resurrection <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Against their teleology argument<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“the body is not for immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord is for the body” (v. 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul could agree that the body is made for sex<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">But this is a subordinate end/goal<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ultimate goal of the body is for God’s glory </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> for God’s sake<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Against their eschatology argument<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Resurrection is the great hope for our bodies (v. 14)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our bodies have eternal significance!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Further argument against both teleology and eschatology arguments<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The believer’s body is Christ’s<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“When the believer engages his <i>body</i> in sexual immorality, he is involving Christ’s own <i>body parts</i> in the illicit act.”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“one body with her” </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Genesis 2.24 (v. 16)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“It must not be missed that Paul grounds his sexual ethic in Genesis 2:24. When Paul (and Jesus, for that matter) sets out new covenant norms for gender and sexuality, he never appeals to polygamist kings such as David or Solomon or to polygamist patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob. For all the importance these Old Testament figures have in the history of redemption, Jesus and Paul do not look to any of them as the paradigm for understanding marriage. Instead, Jesus and Paul look back without exception to the pre-fall monogamous union of Adam and Eve in Genesis 2 as the norm of human sexuality and marriage.”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(cf. Gen 2.24; Matt 19.5; Mark 10.7-8; 1 Cor 6.16; Eph 5.31)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Every sin that a man commits is outside the body”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (v. 18)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Idea: only motives and intentions matter; the body is irrelevant<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“This is not to say that the Corinthians denied the possibility of sin. Sin was possible but only on the level of motive and intention, and they refused to concede that these could be evaluated on the basis of the actions in which they were embodied. Hence, ‘every sin which a man may commit is outside the body.’”<a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul’s response: the body is the arena of central importance<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Body is the arena of sin: “the immoral man sins against his own body” (v. 18b)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Triune God—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—interact with the body!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Body is a temple of the Holy Spirit<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Body is bought by Christ (by his blood)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Body is to be used to glorify God<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Christian sexuality is about a bodily reality that interfaces with God and the Gospel!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Body” </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 8 x’s in 1 Corinthians 6.12-20<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our view of the body is a theological and philosophical issue<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Christian worldview has a distinctive view of the body<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Crucial concept for all that follows!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Triune God interacts with us as bodily beings<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our lives—including our bodies—are bought with the blood of the Son.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our bodies are a temple of the Holy Spirit<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">All of our bodily and sexual existence is to be lived for the glory of God<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The gospel engages our bodies throughout time<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cross </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> bought by the blood (past)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Spirit </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> indwelt by the Spirit (present)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Resurrection </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> raised up (future)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion</span></u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1 Corinthians 6 chosen as our entry point…</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">For its content but also for <b><i>how Paul reasons</i></b></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paul is reasoning from the Gospel—the center of the Christian worldview</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Instructive for us</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sexuality tells a story</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> or as Nancy Pearcey states again:</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“When we make sexual decisions, we are not just deciding to follow a few rules. We are expressing our view of the cosmos and human nature.”</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> J. Daryl Charles, <i>Between Pacificism and Jihad: Just War and Christian Tradition</i> (Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Press, 2005), 139.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> Luke Timothy Johnson, “Scripture and Experience” <i>Commonweal</i> (June 11, 2007)—online: </span><a href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/homosexuality-church-0"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/homosexuality-church-0</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> Not all commentators agree with this analysis of the slogans. For a defense of the use of slogans here see Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 45-46. For a more technical discussion see Denny Burk, “Discerning Corinthian Slogans through Paul’s Use of the Diatribe in 1 Corinthians 6:12-20” <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i> 18.1 (2008), 99-121—online: </span><a href="https://www.ibr-bbr.org/files/bbr/bbr18a05_burk.pdf"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">https://www.ibr-bbr.org/files/bbr/bbr18a05_burk.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span> Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 49.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 51.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 53.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 53-54.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://FCBF9B35-04C1-4447-8D7E-B8E66C55158A#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> Jerome Murphy-O’Conner as quoted in Denny Burk, <i>What Is the Meaning of Sex?</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2013), 56.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-63076543936482273702023-10-01T15:07:00.004-07:002024-02-08T14:18:30.165-07:00Advice for Christian Academics from "A Grander Story"<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0x3OJmIPQojEdU3W_J9yqYXg0bSyXDBI7XMMjvgVIZOyt-LBe-a5iTsGZyK_aliHHl9xT-7VdZ-6e5iHMds50wjpttWUY_D_gIHEzZ6f0UQo_etk0A0zBICXKm6ZLVvtye8BRn0MJHdIyC-9IwXzpo_Bi7rG60tafmtp_uYbXKjKCVE33N9Gz5Lw3lYw/s350/Grander%20Story_cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="225" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0x3OJmIPQojEdU3W_J9yqYXg0bSyXDBI7XMMjvgVIZOyt-LBe-a5iTsGZyK_aliHHl9xT-7VdZ-6e5iHMds50wjpttWUY_D_gIHEzZ6f0UQo_etk0A0zBICXKm6ZLVvtye8BRn0MJHdIyC-9IwXzpo_Bi7rG60tafmtp_uYbXKjKCVE33N9Gz5Lw3lYw/s320/Grander%20Story_cover.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">A few quotations from <i style="font-weight: bold;">A Grander Story: An Invitation to Christian Professors </i>by Rick Hove and Heather Holleman...</span></p><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;">Professor George Marsden's "The State of Evangelical Scholarship" outlines a wise path for Christian academics:</span></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;">"For us as scholars this means that our agenda ought to be directed toward building for our community as solid a place in the pluralistic intellectual life of our civilization as is consistent with our principles. Helping to establish the intellectual viability of our world view and pointing out the shortcomings of alternatives can be an important service to our community and an important dimension of our witness to the world. To perform this task properly requires a delicate combination of modesty and assertivenss. Our intellectual life must display the Christian qualities of self-criticism and generosity to others. Richard Neuhaus puts it well when he says we should have 'reverence for those with whom we disagree.' At the same time, we properly attempt to establish for others the attractiveness of our world view." (p. 50)</span></blockquote><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;">And then this one... </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nathan Hatch, however, warns of a common temptation, one inevitable for Christians in a minority position within the academy:</span></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1ex; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Like children long rejected, evangelical scholars are still too anxious to be accepted by their peers, too willing to move only in the directions that allow them to be 'relevant.' [The result is that] we have been far more inclined to speak up when our Christian convictions are in tune with the assumptions of modern academic life than when they are at odds. It is much easier, for instance, to set oneself in the vanguard of social progress than it is to defend those Christian assumptions tha the established and fashionable intellectual circles of our day regard as obscurantist and fanciful. Yet it is this tougher mental fight that we must not avoid." (p. 51) </span></blockquote></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-46717182417313081032023-09-13T11:04:00.000-07:002023-09-13T11:04:04.026-07:00Human Dignity and Why It Matters--SMCC Presentation<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Human Dignity and Why It Matters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Richard Klaus<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">September 13, 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">South Mountain Community College<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Thank you for the invitation by Christian Challenge to present before you today!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Areopagus in the city of Athens<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Functioned at times—judicial court and place of intellectual examination of ideas<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Same city in which Socrates caused trouble by “corrupting the youth” and was put to death!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">I hope for better things today!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">We live in a time of cultural controversy: “Culture Wars”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fractured society at the ideological level (the level of ideas)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Consider just a few of the cultural “hot spots” of clashing viewpoints…<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Euthanasia<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Abortion<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sexual ethics<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Transgenderism<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Reproductive cloning<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Organ donation and informed consent<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rationing of health care<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Embryonic stem cell treatments<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Biotechnological human enhancements (transhumansism)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Poverty alleviation policies<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Affirmative action<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Prison reform and the infliction of punishment<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Death penalty<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">And yet… amid all this controversy across multiple issues there is a surprising agreement about a central concept in all of these debates<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">HUMAN DIGNITY (and human value)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">John Kilner: There is widespread agreement that people matter!<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Preamble (1<sup>st</sup> paragraph)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Preamble (5<sup>th</sup> paragraph)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter affirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Article 1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.<span> </span>They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Numerous human rights documents and over 40 constitutions since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">I want to probe this concept of Human Dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">My title: “Human Dignity and Why It Matters”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Title is intentionally vague!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">At least two differing meanings…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1) Focuses on the <span style="background: yellow;">consequences</span> or implications<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">What happens when we deny human dignity?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">What areas of life are affected?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2) Focuses on the foundation and framework which renders the concept of human dignity intelligible and defensible<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">My focus is on (2)—the <span style="background: yellow;">philosophical justification</span> of human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">In particular, I want to examine which philosophical worldview best accounts for human dignity?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Flow of talk…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1) Examine the concept and definition of human dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2) What are consequences of denying human dignity?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(3) Argue that Christian theism, as a philosophical worldview, better accounts for human dignity than naturalistic materialism</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Concept of Human Dignity: What Are We Talking About?<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">If the concept of Human Dignity is so important, why have some called is “useless” (Ruth Macklin) and “stupid” (Steven Pinker)?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Failure to account for conceptual distinctions in our use of “dignity”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Three-fold distinction<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Attributed dignity<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Worth human beings confer on others or themselves<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Comes in degrees<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Created value<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Attribute worth and value to others based on…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Position<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Admiration<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Talents or skills<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Example: When we say that extreme poverty creates degrading and undignified living conditions<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Intrinsic dignity<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Worth or value that people have simply because they are human<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Value, not conferred or created by human choices (individual or collective)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Discovered<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Inflorescent dignity</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">—human flourishing<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The excellence of a human life consistent with and expressive of, intrinsic dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Intrinsic dignity is the key element needed to undergird the equality of human rights and universal human value<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Intrinsic dignity <span style="background: yellow;">cannot be a degreed property</span> tied to the expression of a particular attribute<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Intrinsic human dignity, if it indeed exists, cannot be a degreed property like rationality, moral virtue, intelligence, height, or weight.<span> </span>For at whatever <i>degree</i> each is manifested, that degree is accidental and not essential to the sort of thing that has that property.<span> </span>For by their very nature these properties change, develop, diminish or cease to be actual over time for a human being who has them.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">If degreed: some humans will have more intrinsic dignity than others<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Problematic for upholding human rights<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">As philosopher Francis Beckwith argues:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“… we would have to <span style="background: yellow;">abandon the idea of human equality</span> and draw the conclusion that no two human beings have the same degree of dignity.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Problematic Moves in Understanding Human Dignity<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Deny human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Horrible consequences<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ashley Fernandes—“Why Did So Many Doctors Become Nazis?”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ideas have consequences, some bad ideas have victims!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Personalism posits the ultimate unit of value of human life is the individual person herself. Society is and ought to be built around this value. In short, society is created for the person, not the person for society, and hence the dignity and integrity of the person and her freedom cannot be sacrificed for the sake of society. No contingent factor—race, religion, economic status, disability, or actions of the past, present or future—can rob a person the dignity she is owed. Integrating this kind of rigorous, universal philosophical anthropology is an antidote to the corruption of medicine, and vital for the prevention of future genocides.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sociologist, John Evans—<i>What Is A Human? What the Answers Mean for Human Rights</i>(Oxford: Oxford Press, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Social science test: more than 3500 adults in the US<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Three views:</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Christian theological view</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">—created in the image of God<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Philosophical view</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">—defines humans by possessing certain capacities (self-consciousness and rationality)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Biological view</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">—defined and differentiated from animals solely by DNA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Q: How do these views affect one’s perceptions about humans rights?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 45px; left: -16px; position: absolute; top: -1150px; width: 126px;"><img alt="Text Box: These are the issues asked about …" height="45" src="blob:https://www.blogger.com/212bf28f-5bed-471f-85ff-f768927ade1c" v:shapes="Text_x0020_Box_x0020_1" width="126" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Risk soldiers to stop a genocide in a foreign country<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Allow kidneys to be bought from poor people<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Have terminally ill people die by suicide to save money<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Take blood from prisoners without their consent<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Torture terror suspects to potentially save lives<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“What came out was very striking.<span> </span>The more a respondent agreed with the biological definition of a human, the more likely they were to see humans as being like machines and the less likely they were to see them as special, unique or all of equal value.<span> </span>On the human rights questions, they were less willing to stop genocides and were more likely to accept buying kidneys, suicide to save money and taking blood from prisoners.<span> </span>In contrast, those who agreed with the theological view were less likely to agree with suicide to save money and taking blood from prisoners against their will.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Misunderstand the nature of human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Need intrinsic dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dignity not a degreed property<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is an intrinsic, essential property<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Grounding Human Dignity: The Need for Philosophical Justification<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">How do we explain and justify the needed concept of intrinsic human dignity?<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Can’t we just agree and not worry about the philosophical justification?<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Jacques Maritain<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Catholic theologian, instrumental in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“… someone expressed astonishment that certain champions of violently opposed ideologies had agreed on a list of those rights.<span> </span><span style="background: yellow;">‘Yes,” they said, ‘we agree about the rights but on condition that no one asks us why.’</span>”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“In a society such as ours, committed as we are to human equality, we cannot avoid worrying about distinctions in dignity, and <span style="background: yellow;">we cannot forever avert our gaze from the question of what grounds our commitment.</span>”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> –Gilbert Meilaender<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“<span style="background: yellow;">Pragmatic foundations are inherently vulnerable</span> and even if the moral edifice that is constructed above them is unlikely to collapse altogether, it is surely beholden on us to construct it as securely as possible.<span> </span>Hence the question about which ideology best supports humanist ideals.” <a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> --Nick Spencer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Which Worldview Best Accounts for Intrinsic Human Dignity</span></u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Comparative approach—compare worldviews to each other<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“<span style="background: yellow;">Ideally, a worldview should be evaluated in comparison with other worldviews—at least with major alternatives.</span> The reason for this is that if we think a certain worldview faces some difficulty or problem, we might be tempted to dismiss it simply for that reason, without taking proper time to consider whether competing worldviews face the same or similar challenges—or perhaps even greater challenges. In other words, rather than asking, ‘Which worldview passes all the tests without any problem whatsoever?’ we should ask, ‘Which worldview passes the tests better than any other worldview?’ We will then be able to see which worldview is the most reasonable to believe. This worldview will be one that is most consistent and coherent, that best explains <span style="background: yellow;">the most important features of the world we inhabit and our experiences of it, and that can best account for all the evidence available to us</span>.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> —James Anderson<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Naturalism with its attendant materialism <b><i>cannot</i></b> account for human dignity and value<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Defining “naturalism”—can be difficult; multiple conceptions<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">E. O. Wilson—“The central idea (of naturalism) is that all tangible phenomena, from the birth of the stars to the workings of social institutions, are based on material processes that are ultimately reducible, however long and torturous the sequences, to the laws of physics.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">John Searle: “There is exactly one overriding question in contemporary philosophy … :How do we fit in? … How can we square this self-conception of ourselves as mindful, meaning-creating, free, rational, etc., agents with a universe that consists entirely of mindless, meaningless, unfree, nonrational, brute physical particles?”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yuval Noah Harari—professor of history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (sold over 20 million books)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“There are no such things as rights in biology.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men evolved differently, that they are born with certain mutable characteristics, and that among these are life and the pursuit of pleasure.”</span><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“He [Harari] concludes that the concept of equal rights is nothing but a ‘<span style="background: yellow;">Christian myth</span>.’”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Harari is not the only atheist to acknowledge the deep connection between human dignity with its attendant human rights and Christian theism…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nancy Pearcey draws attention to atheistic philosophers, Luc Ferry and Richard Rorty<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Christianity is the first <i>universalist </i>ethos.” –Luc Ferry<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Rorty notes, Christianity gave rise to the concept of universal rights, derived from the conviction ‘that all human beings are created in the image of God.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Human dignity—”an intrinsic, immaterial, nonempirical, non-degreed, and essential property had by human beings by nature.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>--Francis Beckwith<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">This conception of human dignity does not comport well with a naturistic ontology and epistemology<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Christian Theism and the Grounding of Human Dignity<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">As a Christian, I want to argue that Christian theism, as a philosophical system, provides the needed grounding for human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Human dignity finds a <span style="background: yellow;">coherent home</span> in Christian theism<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Many themes and concepts from within Christianity move toward this point<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Two themes in particular: Creation and Redemption<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Creation in the image of God</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (Genesis 1-2)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Love of God displayed in Jesus Christ<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">John 3.16</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> “For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Especially the self-giving love displayed in the death of Jesus Christ<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Romans 5.8</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">—“But God demonstrates his own love toward us in that while we were yet sinners Christ died for us.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gilbert Meilaender—“<span style="background: yellow;">a great rupture in Western culture</span>, a rupture that gradually reshaped the classical notion of dignity … by brining it within a system of thought and practice that worshipped as God a crucified man who suffered a criminal’s death upon on a cross.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“God stopped at nothing to reach out to humanity.<span> </span>God in Christ suffered and bled and died.<span> </span>What more could God do to demonstrate love for the world?<span> </span>Belief in human dignity is deepened considerably by reflection on the ultimate nature of the price God paid at the cross.<span> </span>The incalculably terrible suffering and death of Jesus Christ and the demonstration in that suffering and death of how very much God values each and every human being have contributed profoundly to a Christian moral tradition that exalts the immeasurable worth of the human being.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 4in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">--David Gushee<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">A cautionary caveat…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Claim is NOT that Christians have lived out or up to these ideals!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nor… only Christians are or can be concerned for human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Plenty of non-Christians—including naturalistic atheists—are concerned for such things<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Key issue: the grounding of human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">What we’ve seen…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Near universal assent to human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tried to briefly spell out what that entails—intrinsic human dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">But what worldview best provides the most philosophically coherent home for the concept of human dignity?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Here, then, is our problem, from which we cannot for long continue to avert our gaze: Our society is committed to equal human dignity, and our history is in large part a long attempt to work out the meaning of that commitment.<span> </span>Christians and Jews have an account of persons—as equidistant from God and of equal worth before God—that grounds and makes sense of this commitment we all share.<span> </span>A society that rejects their account but wishes to retain the commitment faces, then, a serious crisis in the structure of its beliefs.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> –Gilbert Meilaender<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“It may be that we cannot make good sense of an egalitarian and non-comparative understanding of human dignity, to which our civilization has in many ways been committed, <span style="background: yellow;">if we abstract it entirely from the context of the religious beliefs that formed it</span>.”<a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>--Gilbert Meilaender<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">In the end, I would argue…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Jesus Christ is not only the Savior in a religious sense, but he is also the Savior of the philosophical concept of human dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Thank you.<span> </span>[Questions and dialogue]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span> Much of this list is motivated by John F. Kilner’s lead essay, “Why This Book Matters: The Need for Common Ground in Debates Today” in <i>Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</i>, ed. John F. Kilner, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017), 4-7.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">John F. Kilner, ed., <i>Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</i>, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017), 7.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span> See Daniel P. Sulmasy, “The Varieties of Human Dignity: A Logical and Conceptual Analysis” <i>Medical Health Care and Philosophy </i>16 (2013), 937-944 for more details.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span> Francis J. Beckwith, “Dignity Never Been Photographed: Bioethics, Policy, and Steven Pinker’s Materialism,” in <i>Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith</i>, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 89.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span></span> Francis J. Beckwith, “Dignity Never Been Photographed: Bioethics, Policy, and Steven Pinker’s Materialism,” in <i>Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith</i>, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 90.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span> Ashley K. Fernandes, Why Did So Many Doctors Become Nazis” <i>Tablet</i> (December 9, 2020)—online: https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/fernandes-doctors-who-became-nazis . <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span> John H. Evans, “Does Science Undermine Human Rights?” <i>New Scientist</i> (August 3, 2016)—online: <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130850-200-who-we-think-we-are-and-why-it-matters/">https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130850-200-who-we-think-we-are-and-why-it-matters/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span> Nick Spencer, <i>The Evolution of the West: How Christianity Has Shaped Our Values</i>, (London: SPCK, 2016), 69.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></span> Gilbert Meilaender, “Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council’s Vision,” in <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, ed. Edmund D. Pellegrino (Washington D.C.: The President’s Council on Bioethics, 2008), 275.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></span> Nick Spencer, <i>The Evolution of the West: How Christianity Has Shaped Our Values</i>, (London: SPCK, 2016), 70.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span></span> James N. Anderson, <i>Why Should I Believe Christianity?</i> (Scottland: Christian Focus, 2016), 48-49.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></span> Quoted in Scott B. Rae, “More Than Meets the Eye: Naturalism and Human Significance,” in</span> <i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, ed. John F. Kilner, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017), 95. Rae is quoting E. O. Wilson, <i>Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</i>, (New York: Knopf, 1998), 266.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span></span> Quoted in Scott B. Rae, “More Than Meets the Eye: Naturalism and Human Significance,” in</span> <i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, ed. John F. Kilner, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017), 95. Rae is quoting John R. Searle, <i>Freedom and Neurobiology: Reflections on Free Will, Language, and Political Power</i>, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 4-5.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span></span> Andrew Wilson, “We (Do Not) Hold These Truths to Be Self-Evident,” <i>Crossway </i>(September 10, 2023)—online: https://www.crossway.org/articles/we-do-not-hold-these-truths-to-be-self-evident/?utm_source=Crossway+Marketing&utm_campaign=9eb62330ff-20230911+Acad%2BArt%2BGov%2BHist-Truths+Self-Evident&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_0275bcaa4b-982ebf4e4d-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D. Wilson is quoting Yuval Noah Harari, <i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i> (London: Vintage, 2011), 123.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span></span> Nancy R. Pearcey, <i>Love Thy Body: Answering Hard Questions About Life and Sexuality</i> (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2018), 65. Pearcey is quoting Yuval Noah Harari, <i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i> (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 108-110.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn16"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span></span> Nancy R. Pearcey, <i>Love Thy Body: Answering Hard Questions About Life and Sexuality</i> (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2018, 101.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn17"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span></span> Francis J. Beckwith, “Dignity Never Been Photographed: Bioethics, Policy, and Steven Pinker’s Materialism,” in <i>Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith</i>, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 91.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn18"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span></span> See the essays by John F. Kilner, “Special Connection and Intended Reflection: Creation in God’s Image and Human Significance,” and David P. Gushee, “Nothing Is Merely Human: Various Biblical Bases for Human Significance,” both in</span> <i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, ed. John F. Kilner, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017).</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn19"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span></span> Gilbert Meilaender, “Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council’s Vision,” in <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, ed. Edmund D. Pellegrino (Washington D.C.: The President’s Council on Bioethics, 2008), 261.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn20"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span></span> David P. Gushee, “Nothing Is Merely Human: Various Biblical Bases for Human Significance,” in</span> <i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Why People Matter: A Christian Engagement with Rival Views of Human Significance</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, ed. John F. Kilner, (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2017), 181-182.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn21"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span></span> Gilbert Meilaender, “Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council’s Vision,” in <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, ed. Edmund D. Pellegrino (Washington D.C.: The President’s Council on Bioethics, 2008), 263-264.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn22"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://21D294A0-D94D-4E29-B672-2FCD60018957#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span></span> Gilbert Meilaender, “Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council’s Vision,” in <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, ed. Edmund D. Pellegrino (Washington D.C.: The President’s Council on Bioethics, 2008), 262.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-4418546546093420942023-04-04T11:00:00.000-07:002023-04-04T11:00:15.423-07:00Moral Choices 12.4: Going Vegetarian? A Response with a Focus on the Teaching and Example of Jesus<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRW5KyIuWRGdhLYCGuRQWtli0MeIv3oeHBRX6Y_nHzyCUs4UG4PrWDzic9BK_IrQhB6QaDwC5JXk_OVNE4S-8SSAr41U6xOpHl9ownAJDAXUDHTR2xd3K3ppcZBeSb03bPZbgLvAAu4P_0gKNb0WHcsgeU3rYb2HhpIqGGNONAr1kJn8vUW3YgcFId/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRW5KyIuWRGdhLYCGuRQWtli0MeIv3oeHBRX6Y_nHzyCUs4UG4PrWDzic9BK_IrQhB6QaDwC5JXk_OVNE4S-8SSAr41U6xOpHl9ownAJDAXUDHTR2xd3K3ppcZBeSb03bPZbgLvAAu4P_0gKNb0WHcsgeU3rYb2HhpIqGGNONAr1kJn8vUW3YgcFId/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> <b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Case 12.4: Going Vegetarian?</span></b></span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You are friends with several people in your community who are committed vegetarians. You have always eaten meat and not really thought much about it until you became friends with some of your current peer group. They have challenged your views on eating meat and have encouraged you to join them in going vegetarian. Some have gone a bit further and gone vegan, which means that they use no animal products at all. They maintain that it is a healthier diet and that you’ll feel better once you make the transition. But the main reason they give is that they don’t want to contribute to the mistreatment of animals that are kept and processed for food. According to your friends, the animals have the right not to be abused or killed for food. They cite the abuses that come from factory farming of animals and urge you not to violate your conscience with the food you eat. Some of these friends are Christians. They remind you that at creation the first human beings were vegetarians, and when the kingdom of God comes in its fullness at Jesus’ return, there will be peace in the kingdom and there will be no predator-prey relationships. They maintain that minimizing meat today might be a way to anticipate life in the fullness of God’s kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How do you respond to your friends who are vegetarians/vegans? Do you think they have a valid point? Why or why not?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What do you think of their theologically based reasoning for their views?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What do you think of their views on animal rights not to be mistreated?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><div style="border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium; padding: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Case 12.4 concerns the moral legitimacy of eating meat and the arguments in support of the supposed moral superiority of vegetarianism. I will argue that the moral imperative to vegetarianism is incorrect, and that Christians should feel no guilt in eating meat. Toward this end, specific focus will be directed to the teaching and example of Jesus Christ. A brief look at a few apostolic texts and a consideration of Isaiah 11 as used by pro-vegetarian interpreters will be addressed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A brief word about the focus and methodology of this paper. I am primarily speaking to Christians who affirm something of the authority and relevance of the scriptural teaching as found in the Bible. Space constraints forbid a fuller answer that could be developed without dependence on Scripture.<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Key Foundational Beliefs</span></u></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Although space will not allow a full treatment, the following points should be seen as foundational for any Christian understanding of how to approach meat-eating. First, humans are distinct from animals by virtue of being created in the image of God (Genesis 1.26-28). As such, humans have more value than animals and have “dominion” over the animals. Second, animals throughout the entirety of the Old Testament are used for sacrifices and for food; this is all divinely sanctioned. Third, although the Scriptures do speak against cruelty to animals there is a distinction that is assumed between “suffering” and “cruelty.” Animals may be used for food and thus undergo “suffering,” but this is morally legitimate. As Stephen Vantassel argues, “In one sense everyone could agree that human actions with animals can cause suffering, but should they agree that this suffering involves moral guilt?... I can concede that the animal is suffering, but I do not concede that the action is necessarily morally evil or unjust.”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> This distinction will be helpful in considering the teaching and example of Christ Jesus since he seemingly allows for a certain amount of suffering for animals. “For if, as many animal rights activists subtly suggest, the killing of animals is, by definition, cruelty, then we have, in effect, made Jesus Christ a participant in cruelty and thereby besmirched his character.”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jesus and the Apostolic View of Meat-Eating<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For Christians, the person and practice of Jesus of Nazareth is paramount in understanding who God is and what he desires. When one examines the biblical evidence, the portrait and practice of Jesus is not one who endorses the premises of the “animal rights” position. Consider the following items that demonstrate Jesus’ view of animal use and suffering.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">First, in Luke 5.1-11 Jesus kills fish “for the sole purpose of demonstrating his power, and possibly enriching the disciples.”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> Stephen Vantassel draws out the ethical implications of this action:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Christ’s acceptance of fishing provides a useful rubric by which to investigate the issue of the treatment of wild animals and trapping. Animal activists contend that fishing is cruel because fish suffer during the capture process. Despite the pain fish underwent, Christ never condemned fishing.<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Furthermore, Jesus commands his disciples to fish in order to obtain tax money (Matthew 17.27). Vantassel notes that the crucial issue is not whether the fish died but “the important fact is that Christ would permit the fish to suffer the pains/stress of being hooked and removed from its natural environment in order to recover a coin and pay a tax.”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Second, Jesus’ approach to the sacrificial system and food laws of his time do not align with those who promote the animal rights perspective. Vantassel perceptively notes, “If Christ was so concerned about the suffering of animals in food production then why didn’t He condemn the sacrificial system as immoral and add further restrictions to the laws of kashrut regarding clean meat (Mk 7:19).”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> In fact, Jesus actually commands a recently healed leper “to go show yourself to the priest and make an offering for your cleansing, just as Moses commanded, as a testimony to them” (Luke 5.14). Such a command was, essentially, a command to go kill an animal in that the directive in Leviticus 14.1-20 required the death of a bird and two lambs. Furthermore, Jesus’ teaching in Mark 7 is taken by Mark to entail that Jesus “declared all foods clean” (Mark 7.19). This truth effectively expands the dietary choices of God’s people—not narrow them. Finally, in concert with the point above, the book of Acts depicts the risen Lord Jesus as saying, “Get up, Peter, kill and eat!” (Acts 10.13). This is a direct command from Jesus to kill animals and eat them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Third, Jesus feeds thousands of people on at least two different occasions with fish (feeding of 5000: Matthew 14.13-21; Mark 6.30-44; Luke 9.10-17; John 6.1-14/feeding of 4000: Matthew 15.32-39; Mark 8.1-10). Someone may object: “<i>These were not live fish which were killed; thus, there is no suffering</i>.” This is true, but one still needs to explain why Jesus would use an object lesson of fish which reinforces meat-eating. Taken in conjunction with the above points about Jesus killing fish and commanding disciples to fish, this takes on added significance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Fourth, Jesus himself eats fish after his resurrection (Luke 24.42; John 21.9-13).<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> He does this to help demonstrate his actual resurrection; that he is truly an embodied being, risen from the dead.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Fifth, Jesus is not above allowing demonic activity to influence and kill 2000 pigs. This does not directly address the issue of eating meat, but it does reinforce the principle that people are more valuable than animals. In this case, 2000 pigs are sacrificed to save one human.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Sixth, Jesus’ examples used in his teaching presuppose the moral legitimacy of eating meat. In Luke 12.24 Jesus states, “Consider the ravens, for they neither sow nor reap; they have no storeroom nor barn, and yet God feeds them; how much more valuable you are than the birds!” As Paul Copan notes, God provides for ravens by giving them meat to eat.<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> “Perhaps we could paraphrase here too: ‘If God provides meat for the ravens, will he not do so for you, who are much more valuable than they?’”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> In other parables, Jesus mentions the eating of oxen and fattened livestock at times of celebration (Matthew 22.4; Luke 15.23).<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> These positive representations of killing and eating animals seem to presuppose their moral legitimacy by Jesus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> In turning to the apostolic witness regarding meat-eating there is nothing that is inconsistent with the teaching of Jesus on this issue. A full discussion is not possible here of all the relevant texts, so a few key passages will be noted. In Romans 14 the apostle Paul is addressing the issue of eating meat versus eating vegetables. His context revolves the Jew/Gentile differences resulting from upholding the ceremonial food laws. Paul recognizes that the one who is strong in faith “may eat all things, but he who is weak eats vegetables only” (Romans 14.2). Later in this text he echoes the thought of Jesus when notes, “All things indeed are clean” and, thus, are morally allowable if done in a manner with consistent with love toward another person’s conscience (Romans 14.20). There is no hint of any moral prohibition on meat-eating in principle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Another Pauline text of relevance is 1 Timothy 4.1-5.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">But the Spirit explicitly says that in the later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons, <sup>2</sup>by means of the hypocrisy of liars, seared in their own conscience as with a branding iron,<sup> 3</sup>men who forbid marriage and advocate abstaining from foods which God has created to be gratefully shared in by those who believe and know the truth. <sup>4</sup>For everything created by God is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with gratitude; <sup>5</sup>for it is sanctified by means of the word of God and prayer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although the background to this text is the familiar Jew/Gentile split and the food laws, Paul’s express teaching allows for the acceptance of all kinds of meat. Such foods are recognized as good and to be received with gratitude. Especially noteworthy are the strong words regarding those who would forbid such food. These words need to be heeded by all those who seek to place an ethical limitation on what foods are acceptable in God’s sight.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Vegetarianism in Anticipation of the Eternal Kingdom: A Valid View?<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The argument that minimizing meat-eating is a way to anticipate the eternal kingdom has been made based on Isaiah 11.6-9:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">6</span></sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">And the wolf will dwell with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the young goat, and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little boy will lead them. <sup>7</sup>Also the cow and the bear will graze, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. <sup>8</sup>The nursing child will play by the hole of the cobra, and the weaned child will put his hand on the viper’s den. <sup>9</sup>They will not hurt or destroy in all my holy mountain, for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are, however, several problems in appealing to this text for the conclusion that one ought to minimize or, even, outright deny meat-eating. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> First, according to Vantassel, this passage should be read as an “anthropocentric blessing.” He elaborates:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We would suggest the passage is not about the cessation of animal death (i.e., a time when sheep would no longer be eaten by humans), it is about the cessation of predation and animal attacks that harm human interests. In other words, in the messianic age, shepherds will be liberated from the burden of having to guard their sheep at night (Lk 2:8). The reason this observation is overlooked is likely due to the urban context of most biblical interpreters. When one is not familiar with the challenges of raising livestock where hungry predators roam, it is difficult [for] readers to appreciate how great a blessing the conversion of predators to grass eaters would be.<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This anthropocentric perspective by itself may not overthrow the pro-vegetarian reading of this passage but it does give one pause. This pause is further extenuated by other passages in Isaiah which may be reasonably taken to refer to the future state and in which there is indication that eating meat may be involved. Consider Isaiah 25.6: “On this mountain the Lord Almighty will prepare a feast of rich food for all peoples, a banquet of aged wine—the best of meats and the finest of wines” (NIV).<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Second, this passage may not require that every element of it be taken literally. The main point is that there will be no harm for God’s people. One reason to think that perhaps there are non-literal elements in it is that later in Isaiah it is said, “No lion will be there, nor will any vicious beast go up on it” (Isaiah 35.9). This leads Paul Copan to ask, “So which do we take literally—feasting on fine meats, lion with lamb, or no lion at all?”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Third, even if it is granted that there will be no meat-eating in the new creation there are still reasons to avoid the conclusion that one ought not to eat now. Jesus’ bodily resurrection is the beginning of the new creation and yet, as was seen above, he ate meat in his resurrected body. Furthermore, since marriage is not going to be a part of the new creation, should we, by this logic, also forbid (or, at least, discourage) marriage now? Would it not be a good thing to live out this ideal state now? In light of 1 Timothy 4.1-5, which mentions both abstaining from certain foods and marriage in a negative light, the answer to those questions should be “no.” Paul Copan concludes, “If we admit that marriage has a vital place for humanity up until the new heavens and earth arrive (as part of the ‘dominion’ task), then the ‘dominion’ of meat-eating should also be included up until the very end.”<a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Conclusion</span></u></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The attempt to defend vegetarianism from the Bible and Christian doctrine is fraught with numerous difficulties. This view fails to fully reckon with the teaching and practice of Jesus and the apostles. Its use of Isaiah 11.6-9 is underdeveloped and fails to consider contextual issues within Isaiah and the larger body of scriptural data. There is no moral imperative to avoid meat-eating. Rather, there is the freedom to “eat all things” (Romans 14.2).</span></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> This footnote will have to serve as a guide to this literature. The work of Tim Hsiao utilizes a “natural law” perspective which argues for the moral legitimacy of eating meat. See the following articles (the first two are popular in nature whereas the remaining are peer-reviewed, full expositions): “There is Nothing Morally Wrong with Eating Meat,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 51-60; “Human Lives Matter: Reflections on Human Exceptionalism,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 61-71; “In Defense of Eating Meat,” <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics </i>28.2 (2015), 277-291; “Industrial Farming is Not Cruel to Animals,” <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics</i> 30.1 (2017), 37-54.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> Stephen M. Vantassel, “Animal Suffering Should Not Trump Environmental Stewardship,” <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i> 53.3 (2010), 463.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> Stephen Vantassel, “A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey’s View of Animal Rights,” <i>Emmaus Journal </i>12 (2003), 192-193.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Stephen Vantassel, “A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey’s View of Animal Rights,” <i>Emmaus Journal </i>12 (2003), 190.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Stephen Vantassel, “Should Wildlife Trapping Have a Place in a Christian Environmental Ethic?” <i>Evangelical Review of Society and Politics</i>1.2 (2007), 41.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> Stephen Vantassel, “A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey’s View of Animal Rights,” <i>Emmaus Journal </i>12 (2003), 190-191.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> Stephen M. Vantassel and Nelson D. Kloosterman, “Compassionate Eating as Distortion of Scripture: Using Religion to Serve Food Morality,” <i>Evangelical Review of Society and Politics</i> 5.1 (2011), 41. Vantassel explains in a footnote that Josephus in ‘Wars 6:423-424’ “says, the number of sacrifices for Passover numbered 254,500, suggesting a first century equivalent of industrial agriculture.” Consider, also, the words of Wes Jamison, “There is simply no way the Jews could have raised and slaughtered the number of animals commanded by God without intensive agricultural practices… Although the Old Testament sacrifices differed quantitatively from modern intensive animal slaughter, there is little qualitative difference.” This, as Jamison notes, helps to answer the charge by philosopher John Hare, “There is nothing in ancient Israel like our factory farming and how we treat chickens and veal calves.” See Wes Jamison, “Joy or Grief? Understanding the Challenges to Christian Meat-Eating,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 40.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> In that this example, and many of the above, revolve around fish, Paul Copan’s words are worth hearing: “Some may argue that fish are not technically considered ‘meat’ according to certain modern regulatory (or other) standards; for example, vegetarians of the <i>pescatarian</i> variety will include fish in their diet but avoid all other meat. But why think that modern regulatory standards are relevant for inhabitants of first-century Palestine? This is an arbitrary imposition. Clearly Jesus is cooking and eating <i>animals</i>. Ultimately, all such trivial distinctions are rendered irrelevant by the fact that Jesus ‘declared all foods clean’ or kosher (Mark 7:19).” Paul Copan, “What Would Jesus Eat? From Kosher to Everything,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 98.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span> </span>“<span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria, serif;">In the wild, ravens are opportunistic feeders and their diet varies based on habitat and available food sources. They are omnivorous and will feed on everything from small mammals to nesting birds, eggs and berries. They will also eat carrion, scavenge from other predators and even from human landfills. A group, or a flock, of ravens will raid seabird colonies, consuming the eggs and young of these colonies.</span>” <i>Smithsonian’s Natural Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute</i>, “Common Raven: Fact Sheet” (no date)—online: <a href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/common-raven#:~:text=They%20are%20omnivorous%20and%20will,and%20young%20of%20these%20colonies">https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/common-raven#:~:text=They%20are%20omnivorous%20and%20will,and%20young%20of%20these%20colonies</a>. The biblical narrative also illustrates this when ravens bring bread and meat to Elijah in 1 Kings 17.6.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span> Paul Copan, “What Would Jesus Eat? From Kosher to Everything,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 100.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span> Vantassel adds this interesting note: “I also think that Luke 15:27 ‘fatted calf’ also provides some additional insight. If we look at Prov. 15:17 as the stall fed calf, isn’t is possible that the fatted calf was a stall fed calf? While the calf certainly didn’t suffer the degradations of the alleged actions of modern veal manufacturing, certainly the calf was treated a certain way to develop tender meat.” Stephen Vantassel, “Should Wildlife Trapping Have a Place in a Christian Environmental Ethic?” <i>Evangelical Review of Society and Politics</i> 1.2 (2007), 41.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span> Stephen M. Vantassel and Nelson D. Kloosterman, “Compassionate Eating as Distortion of Scripture: Using Religion to Serve Food Morality,” <i>Evangelical Review of Society and Politics</i> 5.1 (2011), 40-41.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span> The phrase “best of meats” is more literally translated “rich food, filled with marrow.” See J. Alec Moyter, <i>The Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction and Commentary</i> (Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Press, 1993), 209.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span> Paul Copan, “What Would Jesus Eat? From Kosher to Everything,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 104.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://4240062B-CB9F-4B00-96E9-CD378F033656#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span> Paul Copan, “What Would Jesus Eat? From Kosher to Everything,” in <i>What Would Jesus Really Eat? The Biblical Case for Eating Meat</i>, eds. Wes Jamison and Paul Copan, (Florida: Castle Quay Books, 2019), 104.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-76355696694836151432023-04-04T10:42:00.002-07:002023-05-30T12:03:40.561-07:00Christians and Transgender Pronoun Usage: Some Articles and Resources<p><span style="font-size: medium;">What should Christians think of the practice of "volunteering pronouns" and using someone's preferred pronouns if they differ from their biological sex? Here are a number of articles that address the issue by arguing that Christians should not engage in this practice</span> </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://americanreformer.org/2022/08/christians-volunteering-pronouns/">Christians Volunteering Pronouns? </a>by Andrew T. Walker at <i>American Reformer</i> (August 19, 2022)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://stream.org/a-response-to-an-employers-request-for-pronouns/?utm_source=The+Stream&utm_campaign=a7b2fabf77-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2023_05_12_09_37&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-a7b2fabf77-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D">A Response to an Employer's Request for Pronouns</a> by Amy K. Hall at <i>The Stream</i> (May 11, 2023). Provides a nice example from a real-life situation as well as a template of what to communicate and how to do with courage and wisdom.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.reformation21.org/blog/why-i-no-longer-use-transgender-pronouns-and-why-you-shouldnt-either">Why I No Longer Use Transgender Pronouns--and Why You Shouldn't Either</a> by Rosario Butterfield at <i>Reformation 21</i> (April 3, 2023)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/words-as-weapons-why-we-must-stand-our-ground-over-pronouns/">Words as Weapons: Why We Must Stand Our Grounds Over Pronouns</a> by Jonathon Van Maren at <i>The European Conservative </i>(February 7, 2022)</span><br /></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">"Language is the first domino in the war over reality—and pronouns have nothing to do with politeness and everything to do with ideological submission... </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white;">"What do we actually cede if we play along with ‘preferred pronouns’? We are conceding that the person demanding that he be called a ‘she’ actually</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">is</em><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">a woman. Once that is established, what grounds do we have for keeping him out of the female bathroom, or off the girl’s swim team, or out of a rape crisis center for women traumatized by men? The simple answer is that there are none. He has demanded that we call him a woman, and we have agreed to do so to be courteous. That courtesy will then be used as a bludgeon." </span></span></p></blockquote><p> <a href="https://askdrbrown.org/article/is-it-a-sin-for-a-christian-to-use-transgender-pronouns" style="font-size: large;">Is It a Sin for a Christian to Use Transgender Pronouns?</a><span style="font-size: large;"> by Michael Brown at </span><i style="font-size: large;">Ask Dr. Brown </i><span style="font-size: large;">(April 4, 2023)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2021/01/examining-case-for-pronoun-hospitality.html">Examining the Case for "Pronoun Hospitality"</a> by Richard Klaus at <i>White Rose Review</i> (January 6, 2021)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Cognitive Liberty: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Conscience and "What Are Your Pronouns?" Video interview with Dr. Nicholas Meriwether at <i>Ratio Christi: Thoughtful Christianity </i>(September 30, 2022)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4_N1mZSbo8Q" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The U.S. Sixth Circuit of Appeals <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0071p-06.pdf">decision in favor of Dr. Nicholas Meriwether</a>.</li></ul><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.str.org/w/why-pronouns-matter%E2%80%A6a-lot">Why Pronouns Matter... a Lot</a> by Greg Koukl at <i>Stand to Reason</i> (6/1/2021).</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.str.org/w/why-agree-to-use-preferred-names-but-not-preferred-pronouns-">Why Agree to Use Preferred Names but Not Preferred Pronouns?</a> by Amy K. Hall at <i>Stand to Reason</i> (1/20/2022).</span></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-71585110328256552912023-03-26T21:01:00.000-07:002023-03-26T21:01:07.150-07:00Nancy Pearcey on Why Christians Need to Address Cultural and Moral Issues<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuCmqQ7x1n2G_RmbJAEFujW5uwbbcjrcGqu4VPq6FpHgTZQcKI6m8dgYzXswiBfORHL7fQacBePMMW88PgpIjdFUga-3rs9fndfxRrg1LcvVKp8heY1t-y54IHgidw4zUHfUMQMzhB6SaEz08SkMGi-ex6LrWXVt9BWvKQu9rK-GlyVILBGc1Lu5Z/s500/LoveThyBody_Cover.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="306" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuCmqQ7x1n2G_RmbJAEFujW5uwbbcjrcGqu4VPq6FpHgTZQcKI6m8dgYzXswiBfORHL7fQacBePMMW88PgpIjdFUga-3rs9fndfxRrg1LcvVKp8heY1t-y54IHgidw4zUHfUMQMzhB6SaEz08SkMGi-ex6LrWXVt9BWvKQu9rK-GlyVILBGc1Lu5Z/w278-h454/LoveThyBody_Cover.jpeg" width="278" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"><span style="font-size: large;">As we work through controversial moral issues, it is crucial to bear in mind the main goal. It is not first of all to persuade people to change their behavior. It is to tear down barriers to becoming Christian. No matter who we are addressing, or what moral issue the person is struggling with, their first need is to hear the gospel and experience the love of God. The most important question of their life is whether they will have a relationship with the living God that lasts into eternity. (p. 260)</span></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"><span style="font-size: large;">The main reason to address moral issues is that they have become a barrier to even hearing the message of salvation. People are inundated with rhetoric telling them that the Bible is hateful and hurtful, narrow and negative. While it's crucial to be clear about the biblical teaching on sin, the context must be an overall positive message: that Christianity alone gives the basis for a high view of the value and meaning of the body as a good gift from God. In our communication with people struggling with moral issues, we need to reach out with a life-giving, life-affirming message. We should work to draw people in by the beauty of the biblical vision of life.</span></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"><span style="font-size: large;">As one Christian psychologist puts it, the goal is "more rescue mission than culture war." (p. 261) </span></blockquote><div><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-36307548803786654142023-03-26T20:57:00.000-07:002023-03-26T20:57:26.843-07:00Tim Hsiao--"Animals: Why It's Okay to Hunt and Eat Them"<p> * A presentation by Dr. Tim Hsiao for the Glendale Community College Philosophy Club on April 2, 2021. For more on Dr. Hsiao see his website<a href="https://timhsiao.org/">: timhsiao.org/</a></p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tCXCZpe4oc0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-1123717375068296742023-03-19T18:29:00.000-07:002023-03-19T18:29:17.073-07:00Moral Choices 13.1: Bribery, or the Cost of Doing Business?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghYvw3VYYFXIkCs2QrwCFJ_FlJKF3HSu75hFO0rgV4HEL0DPg7MBVYkKJHsQZSsNCj_BR7g_Lw2DX63VtvR4cxZ71TdIb76qPEzs0S5TIPGJpI-b1A1aSbnL_iqT32gx7V4eu4VeMtWhDsla4ht6IV-G2SMilZv5O1BkFcEV289n8TyudOgIkmgpGY/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghYvw3VYYFXIkCs2QrwCFJ_FlJKF3HSu75hFO0rgV4HEL0DPg7MBVYkKJHsQZSsNCj_BR7g_Lw2DX63VtvR4cxZ71TdIb76qPEzs0S5TIPGJpI-b1A1aSbnL_iqT32gx7V4eu4VeMtWhDsla4ht6IV-G2SMilZv5O1BkFcEV289n8TyudOgIkmgpGY/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Case 13.1: Bribery or the Cost of Doing Business?</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You are starting a new business in a suburb of Jakarta, Indonesia, located next to a major university. It’s a coffee house with WiFi, a place for students to study, relax, and congregate. You have secured the location, signed the lease for the building, and are ready to begin remodeling the site. You will need your utilities, such as electricity, water, internet connection, and gas, before you can officially begin renovating the location. When you approach the technicians to have them initiate these services, they inform you that if you want to have them turned on in a timely way, an additional “service charge” of $1,000/utility is required. When you offer to pay it by making out a check to the utility company, the technician informs you that is a “cash only” transaction. You are reasonably certain that the respective technician will pocket the cash in exchange for giving you the service in a timely way. If you refuse to pay, he informs you that you could wait anywhere from six to nine months for these services to be started. You realize that would be very harmful to your business its opening for so long. It feels like you are being asked to pay a bribe, and you know that it is illegal for US companies to pay bribes to officials in other countries. You have reservations but are told by reliable sources that this is a customary way of doing business in Indonesia and that you really have no choice but to pay the people involved.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What decision will you make—to pay what is demanded or refuse? Be sure to spell out the reasons for your decision thoroughly.</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How does the Bible’s teaching on bribery impact your thinking on this decision?</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Imagine that the situation was a bit different, that you were leading a mission trip for your church. You and a group of twenty adults and high school students are attempting to get audio equipment into the country to facilitate translation of the “Jesus film” into several languages in that country. You are held up by a customs official who demands a payment of $500 cash to let the equipment through customs. Would you be morally justified in making this payment? Why or why not?</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin-left: 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The ethical issue of bribery in business as it relates to cross-cultural contexts is a deeply relevant concern. This paper attempts to analyze Case Study 13.1 in terms of guiding ethical principles as well as virtues. </span><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">John Frame uses a "tri-perspectivalist" approach to ethics that can be fruitfully applied to this ethical case study. Frame speaks about three perspectives:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Normative perspective which considers deontological categories.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 54.75pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Situational perspective which analyzes the nature of the situation and possible consequences flowing from various choices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 54.75pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Existential (personal) perspective which emphasizes the character (virtues) of the moral agent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus, any ethical judgment involves the application of a <i>norm</i> to a <i>situation</i> by a <i>person</i>.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Consider the following analysis using Frame’s approach.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Normative Perspective </span></u></i><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The key norms will come from an accurate understanding of God’s Word and the ethical stipulations that naturally and logically flow from its commandments.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[2]</span></span></span></a> The Christian Scriptures—particularly the Old Testament—are replete with ethical stipulations and examples that forbid bribery. Across the full spectrum of Old Testament genres, bribery is consistently portrayed as an act of injustice: Torah (Exodus 18.21; 23.8; Deuteronomy 16.18-20), Historical (1 Samuel 12.3-4), Wisdom (Psalm 26.10; Proverbs 15.27; 17.23; 24.23; Ecclesiastes 7.7), and Prophets (Isaiah 1.23; 33.15; Ezekiel 22.12). Most of these references are specifically dealing with a legal, judicial context where a judge or witness is tempted to thwart the cause of justice for a price. The general principle of upholding justice is secure and can be applied outside the judicial context to other social contexts (i.e., the economic realm).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Although the New Testament does not have a great deal of direct teaching on bribery, Scott Turow, in his essay “What’s Wrong with Bribery,” has an especially apt allusion to the teaching of Jesus. He writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mail fraud/bribery is predicated on the theory that someone—the bribee’s governmental or private employer—is deprived, by a bribe, of the recipient’s undivided loyalties. The bribee comes to serve to two masters and as such is an ‘unfaithful servant’.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[3]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Turow goes on to note that the equality of humans and their fundamental dignity “demands that each stand as an equal before the government they have joined to create.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Turow argues that what makes bribery so morally repugnant is that, “Bribery asks that that principal (sic) be violated, that some persons be allowed to stand ahead of others, that like cases not be treated alike, and that some persons be preferred.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><i><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Situational Perspective<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This perspective asks one to define and delimit, as much as possible, the nature of the act under consideration. The situational perspective also asks one to consider potential consequences that may flow from the act.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[6]</span></span></span></a> In order to properly understand the nature of bribery so as to apply that definition to this case-study it will be helpful to distinguish bribery from extortion. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> A standard definition of bribery is offered by Stephen Unger when he writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[B]ribery is the act of making payments, usually secretly, intended to induce the recipient to act in a manner that is illegal, or favorable to the payer, at the expense of the recipient’s employer, of the payer’s competitors, or of other parties, including the general public.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[7]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Michael Pritchard draws attention to the intentionality of the briber as another key consideration in defining bribery. He writes, “<i>Bribery</i> explicitly includes the notion of an inducement to violate a duty or obligation as an essential element: the briber’s <i>intent</i> is to get the bribee <i>to violate a special duty or obligation</i>.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Extortion, in contradistinction to bribery, as some unique elements that set it apart. Pritchard helpfully lays out some of the key distinctions:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Extortion is the attempt to coerce someone into making payment by threatening harm. Both extortionists and bribers take the initiative; however, extortionists seek payment, whereas bribers offer payment. In contrast to extortion, successful bribery is best viewed as a mutual exchange, a voluntary relationship.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[9]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus, the person who is paying in the extortion example is being coerced into this payment under some level of duress. Power differentials are being leveraged to induce the person to pay. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> With these distinctions in view, it might be argued that the case study under review is actually an example of extortion. The payee is being coerced, or, at the very least induced, to make a payment to keep the project moving at a reasonable pace so as not to hurt the prospects of the business. This case study is not one in which the payee (the “briber”) is seeking to subvert the normal processes by secret and illegal means. Rather, the payee is being pressured to pay to have some rightfully expected service rendered. In other words, the service is being held hostage and only the payee’s monetary payment will release the service. This type of payment situation is typically called “facilitating payments.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[10]</span></span></span></a> Antonio Argandona articulates the nature of these facilitating payments:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The main distinction between facilitating payments and ordinary bribery and extortion is that facilitating payments tend to be mad to obtain something to which the payer is entitled: what the payer wants the corrupt official or employer to do is not something illegitimate, improper or immoral—something that exceeds their authority such that the normal course of business would be perverted through dishonest or unlawful behavior—but rather to do what it is their duty to do in the procedure for resolving a particular manner.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[11]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As is evident, the case-study fits the definition of facilitating payments as articulated above. Does this shift of terminology and the “lower level” of corruption justify the paying of facilitation payments? Not necessarily.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Antonio Argandona states that “facilitating payments involve a set of questionable behaviours.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[12]</span></span></span></a> After listing out the prerequisite actions needed to engage in facilitating payments, Argandona argues that such payments “will always be extortion, which is immoral because it forces the company to make a payment that is not included in the terms and conditions attaching to the service, for the exclusive benefit of the official.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[13]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although the case study may not have the traditional and defining marks of bribery and, instead, look more like extortion, it would be too hasty to justify the morality of payment in the case under review. Scott Turow brings nuance to the bribery/extortion dichotomy. He writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Interestingly, the law does not regard extortion and bribery as mutually exclusive; extortion requires an apprehension of harm, bribery as desire to influence. Often, in fact, the two are coincident. Morally—and legally, perhaps—it would seem that bribery can be justified only if the bribe-giver is truly without alternatives, including the alternative of refusing payment and going to the authorities. Moreover, the briber should be able to show not merely that it was convenient or profitable to pay the bribe, but that the situation presented a choice of evils in which the bribe somehow avoided a greater evil.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[14]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Turow raises the issue of moral alternatives. Often those who are being pressured into facilitating payments do not fully consider all the options available to them. Since “facilitating payments may represent a step towards a culture of corruption in society,” it is incumbent upon the business to consider all other options available before making the payment.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[15]</span></span></span></a> This may require “moral imagination [which] can suggest alternatives to capitulation.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[16]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Existential Perspective</span></u></i><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This perspective asks one to consider the motives and character of the moral agent. In this case there is seemingly no malicious or evil intent in the moral agent being pressured to offer payment; there is not a “heart that devises wicked plans” (Proverbs 6.16-19). Nevertheless, there may be other virtues that are lacking or may be compromised if the payment is made.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> First, is the virtue of moral courage. Are there no alternatives available to the moral agent? It is granted that some alternatives besides paying the “fee” will cost more but sometimes the virtuous path requires risk and cost. Second, there is the preceding factors which led to the moral agent being in this situation. As the case study is written, the agent is seemingly unaware of the cultural corruption of facilitating payments. Does this lack of knowledge speak of a lack of wisdom (Proverbs 19.2)? Ought the person to have known that this situation might reasonably arise given readily available background knowledge? A quick Internet search quickly revealed that “a culture of bribery is deeply rooted with the Indonesian public sector.” This source furthered noted that, “many companies look at bribery as a necessary ‘cost of doing business’—whatever the potential penalties of breaking the law, they are seen as worth it to ensure that projects stay on track.”<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[17]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><i><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Putting It All Together<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Considering the above tri-perspectivist analysis, I tend to think that the use of a facilitating payment in this situation is morally suspect. There may be situations where such facilitating payments are allowable, but these should be firmly circumscribed by key factors. Argandona writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our opinion is that a blanket decision to make facilitating payments is ethically unacceptable because, as we said earlier, they can only be justified in certain circumstances (when there is genuine extortion, when the cost to the company of not making the payment is very high, or when the foreseeable indirect consequences—in terms of creating a culture of corruption in the company, fostering a corruption among public officials, setting a bad example for employees, etc.—are negligible.<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[18]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Argandona further notes that if a company does decide to offer a facilitating payment this should be done within a delineated set of rules which should be included in the company’s ethical code or code of conduct. He mentions the following considerations a company should note:<a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2d3b45;">[19]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The company must specify the criteria being used to justify the payment in this situation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The company must specify its decision-making procedure (i.e., who in the company is authorized to approve such payments?).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The company must specify the rules of disclosure (i.e., how will the payment be recorded? Who will see this? How will this be presented to the public?).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Mission Trip Extortion</span></u></i><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> I tend to think that making the $500.00 payment in the mission trip scenario would be morally justifiable. Some of the key differences in this scenario, in contradistinction to the business case study above, move me to make this moral judgment. First, the Christians are operating under a divine mandate to bring the message of Jesus to the nations (Matthew 28.18-20). There is no such mandate for a business. Second, in this scenario it truly seems as though the equipment is being held hostage. So, although it is immoral for the customs official to ask for the payment, it is not necessarily immoral for the payment to be made to release the equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> John M. Frame, <i>The Doctrine of the Christian Life</i> (Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed, 2008), 33.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> This presupposes a Christian analysis, which is what is being offered here. For someone who rejects the ethical authority of the Christian Scriptures, the normative standards will have to have their deontological foundations elsewhere. See the thought of Scott Turow below for a way to flesh out these deontological claims.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> Scott Turow, “What’s Wrong with Bribery?” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 4 (1985), 249.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span> Scott Turow, “What’s Wrong with Bribery?” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 4 (1985), 250.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Scott Turow, “What’s Wrong with Bribery?” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 4 (1985), 250.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> This does not entail that it is consequentialist categories that drive the ethical analysis; only that consequences are often a relevant factor to consider in any ethical analysis. As Old Testament specialist Christopher J. H. Wright notes, the Old Testament Wisdom literature often has a consequentialist view of ethical decision-making. He writes, “Much of the advice and guidance given in Proverbs is prudential.” He adds, “Moral rules and moral consequences actually reinforce one another in this way of thinking.” As set within a strong creation theology and robust view of God’s sovereign justice this consequentialism is “thoroughly personal and theistic. It is not impersonal fate, or karma… they are not a matter of mechanical cause and effect, but the outworking of God’s own order in his world.” <i>Walking in the Ways of the Lord: The Ethical Authority of the Old Testament</i> (Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Press, 1995), 121.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> Stephen H. Unger, “Ethical Aspects of Bribing People in Other Countries,” <i>Science and Engineering Ethics</i> 4 (1998), 289.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> Michael S. Pritchard, “Bribery: The Concept,” <i>Science and Engineering Ethics</i> 4 (1998), 282—emphasis in original.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span> Michael S. Pritchard, “Bribery: The Concept,” <i>Science and Engineering Ethics</i> 4 (1998), 282.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span> “Facilitating payments, also known by terms such as grease payments, speed money, expediting payments, tea money or democratic corruption, are a form of petty corruption.” Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 253.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 254.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 256.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 256.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span> Scott Turow, “What’s Wrong with Bribery?” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 4 (1985), 251.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 257. Robert Bailes quotes the <i>Economist </i>(February 28, 2002) in this line of thought, “Facilitation payments are the first move… in a chess game that leads to bribery.” Robert Bailes, “Facilitation Payments: Culturally Acceptable or Unacceptably Corrupt?” <i>Business Ethics: A European Review</i> 15.3 (2006), 297.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn16"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span> Michael S. Pritchard, “Bribery: The Concept,” <i>Science and Engineering Ethics</i> 4 (1998), 285.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn17"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span> Decky Windarto, “Getting Away with It: Bribery Culture in Indonesia,” <i>Glass Lewis</i> (March 20, 2019)—online: <a href="https://www.glasslewis.com/getting-away-with-it-bribery-culture-in-indonesia/">https://www.glasslewis.com/getting-away-with-it-bribery-culture-in-indonesia/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn18"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 259-260.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn19"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://B98B418B-5511-4883-BD2E-F1C1848E8683#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span> Antonio Argandona, “Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments,” <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 60 (2005), 260.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-20294806056027867912023-03-14T22:21:00.007-07:002023-03-24T16:05:22.303-07:00WESD Governing Board Comments Regarding ACU Decision<p> * My comments to the Washington Elementary School Board in response to their decision to not renew the contract with Arizona Christian University for student teachers and students seeking practicum experience. My comments can be found at 2:50:00 mark of video.</p><p><br /></p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OUxyt_PgpGQ" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><div><br /></div><div>* My prepared comments (a little deviation in the actual spoken remarks to make the time limit of two minutes allowed for speakers).</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">My name is Richard Klaus and my wife and I have lived and raised our three children for the past twenty-five years within the boundaries of the Washington Elementary School District. I also served for a time as a pastor of an evangelical church within the borders of the district and under my watch we maintained an active and mutually beneficial relationship with the nearest school. At the core of my being, I am a follower of Jesus Christ within the conservative evangelical tradition of Christianity. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">So as a Christ-follower with an intense interest in philosophical reasoning, I am concerned about this board’s decision rendered on February 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2023, to <b><i>not</i></b> renew its partnership with Arizona Christian University in regards to having its students engage in practicums and student teaching. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">What is most distressing is the reasoning offered by this board. In particular, the words of the President of the Governing Board struck me as excessively intrusive and discriminatory. In particular, she spoke about a Christian’s “core” beliefs and said:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">“I simply don't know how a piece of paper can change somebody's underlying value system. Even though they may not … do anything illegal, where they are preaching or using Bible verses, how do you shut off an essential part of your being, and not be biased to the individuals in which you are in charge of nurturing and supporting unconditionally? I don't see how that disconnect is possible.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note the criteria being used here. It is not enough that a potential teacher be:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Competent and compassionate—or, added to this…<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Someone who brings value to the classroom, school, and district—or, again, added to this…<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Someone who objectively abides by the stated policies and goals of the district as articulated in their written documents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">No. According to the President of this board, the person’s “underlying value system” which is “an essential part of your being” must be changed. If this “core” of the person is deemed ideologically suspect, then, even though they are a nurturing presence and a fount of unconditional love, they must be sanctioned from participation in the educational system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Consistency of application of this line of thought would seem to require an ideological purge of current teachers and staff who uphold a historically rooted Christian view of sexuality as articulated by Jesus Christ. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Such views expressed by the president of this board—without opposition from any other member—ought to not only be reconsidered but repudiated. Only God himself has the authority to compel a person’s core allegiance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: large;"><span>As an institution committed to the advancement of public education, I would ask you to forsake the politics of exclusion and discrimination and to pursue a more reasoned path which benefits all peoples in this district. Thank you.</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">___________________________</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>NOTE</u></b>: </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alliance Defending Freedom has filed a law suit against the WESD Governing Board on behalf of Arizona Christian University--see <a href="https://adflegal.org/article/arizona-school-board-ousts-christian-student-teachers?sourcecode=10024836_r800&utm_source=pardot&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_docket">HERE</a> for general details.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: large;">For the actual lawsuit see <a href="https://adflegal.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Arizona-Christian-University-v-Washington-Elementary-2023-03-09-Complaint.pdf?utm_source=pardot&utm_medium=email">HERE</a>. Be sure to check out pages 14-17 for the statements by the WESD Governing Board.</span></p></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-31641691517826178902023-03-14T22:12:00.003-07:002023-03-26T21:07:16.635-07:00God and Truth: Science and Religion (Glendale Community College)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtby5QJNi6X9zZahPU2BhdtFbK1rfqNyitpFk0frbEfqqB4gqumLgWjdti68qVm3r-tBggzKxxPIbhFuaW4nd4Gpow2FGEwJoejhGE22LXsRP8k5w_1JuOfn1G-0BOjDFGG83sHA2WAfCwuD1xs71j8aaWcXipKsUv8TAeSACGuMYlPdQiAYQfjKq/s1228/God&Truth2023.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="966" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtby5QJNi6X9zZahPU2BhdtFbK1rfqNyitpFk0frbEfqqB4gqumLgWjdti68qVm3r-tBggzKxxPIbhFuaW4nd4Gpow2FGEwJoejhGE22LXsRP8k5w_1JuOfn1G-0BOjDFGG83sHA2WAfCwuD1xs71j8aaWcXipKsUv8TAeSACGuMYlPdQiAYQfjKq/w412-h523/God&Truth2023.png" width="412" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwpTO9p-uooGmKsiaykiuV_JphE8qeiTIpfX9RJPPY4-BV6_DDGmuX31hR6-GvjXLkBuIj7U1C5FGrmSfSPRX3ynREjGGaa2bfXPvrX0O_obkouydvCtcoUkKFAHYapo5QiCwgljSVdOvNWHahTCSdWFSv5cv01ryyfJ8A3bG3SGsvI_3jjMwuZe/s2196/Full%20panel.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1464" data-original-width="2196" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwpTO9p-uooGmKsiaykiuV_JphE8qeiTIpfX9RJPPY4-BV6_DDGmuX31hR6-GvjXLkBuIj7U1C5FGrmSfSPRX3ynREjGGaa2bfXPvrX0O_obkouydvCtcoUkKFAHYapo5QiCwgljSVdOvNWHahTCSdWFSv5cv01ryyfJ8A3bG3SGsvI_3jjMwuZe/w408-h272/Full%20panel.jpeg" width="408" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilHLFd_W7zcHGpOeuGF4fqNuzQw1tOUu46YyySyDp3BFTX5QapdEbWFBQJYXFOXXkhS4oHKPcF29bHCDk3Ev5Drz82OjzBkbomSxyHcHFpU-kweng1FLcGr8vT7b07LdVktoxJ7oc8Jkbq5jwk78vwfYwfibj71IdTrFjHhs41L6LZTCt5IhC9wJRK/s2196/God&Truth2023_RK%20&%20Joe.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1464" data-original-width="2196" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilHLFd_W7zcHGpOeuGF4fqNuzQw1tOUu46YyySyDp3BFTX5QapdEbWFBQJYXFOXXkhS4oHKPcF29bHCDk3Ev5Drz82OjzBkbomSxyHcHFpU-kweng1FLcGr8vT7b07LdVktoxJ7oc8Jkbq5jwk78vwfYwfibj71IdTrFjHhs41L6LZTCt5IhC9wJRK/w392-h261/God&Truth2023_RK%20&%20Joe.jpeg" width="392" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AW9G7nETtgan8ljUaKdbQzUo4U7NXV_v9quyVCsnlujt9cQ__5IOd01ubp2kZsLed22xEV0PecwrFOrUW2Klxt6qr1q4nqTgsV8nbN1eG4cdH6wEBQiKGRzKPy1Abp8b6sYfp1a2DMF-dfYS4-c7qe7ukCky0BGyxD5_b0BdhsnhVlIE28zKWorw/s2196/Richard-1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1464" data-original-width="2196" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AW9G7nETtgan8ljUaKdbQzUo4U7NXV_v9quyVCsnlujt9cQ__5IOd01ubp2kZsLed22xEV0PecwrFOrUW2Klxt6qr1q4nqTgsV8nbN1eG4cdH6wEBQiKGRzKPy1Abp8b6sYfp1a2DMF-dfYS4-c7qe7ukCky0BGyxD5_b0BdhsnhVlIE28zKWorw/w381-h254/Richard-1.jpeg" width="381" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjaaf8PMUEjh7OeMcRx8ESsqoqzguUdjVbviNi9IlqnWIHCLBUHT4q4tVib-hPgdJ3w1Fqq3emR93d3y2yQSyl6RTRU5Pzk5j1sSh-6pAVAIEt0uvogIWiox_QT1N7aJuDDHHpbJw3-eCGNUHlEn03hIwFetUMZ0tlqyg-W3U8nD38MonJV12qAVP/s2196/Richard-seated.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1464" data-original-width="2196" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjaaf8PMUEjh7OeMcRx8ESsqoqzguUdjVbviNi9IlqnWIHCLBUHT4q4tVib-hPgdJ3w1Fqq3emR93d3y2yQSyl6RTRU5Pzk5j1sSh-6pAVAIEt0uvogIWiox_QT1N7aJuDDHHpbJw3-eCGNUHlEn03hIwFetUMZ0tlqyg-W3U8nD38MonJV12qAVP/w389-h259/Richard-seated.jpeg" width="389" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">My presentation notes can be found here: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/98810532/_The_Christian_Theistic_Foundations_of_Modern_Science_Conceptual_and_Historical_Factors_By">The Christian-Theistic Foundations of Modern Science: Conceptual and Historical Factors</a></span></div><br /><p></p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/artoEt0_2kI" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-47931067469722466402023-03-14T22:00:00.001-07:002023-03-14T22:00:49.123-07:00Romans 7.14-25: Believer or Unbeliever?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqvIiEjs-p80cPD_3XTdZYwNggkSq3jluiPAXI1lv7s0tR2OeohCpfLc84DmvYa1ZIGmnSItdWnO0mg523vQZaRT70QGGEqpQPYmh1Cn7AMn5MRsKc0zgC1H3qaWKAZ8SRJWoQ-KXz0_piVUCDsZeAHAmzrxuovNBp5gWuPo8AfatFX6oKUjXutBJ4/s400/Romans_Moo.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="265" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqvIiEjs-p80cPD_3XTdZYwNggkSq3jluiPAXI1lv7s0tR2OeohCpfLc84DmvYa1ZIGmnSItdWnO0mg523vQZaRT70QGGEqpQPYmh1Cn7AMn5MRsKc0zgC1H3qaWKAZ8SRJWoQ-KXz0_piVUCDsZeAHAmzrxuovNBp5gWuPo8AfatFX6oKUjXutBJ4/s320/Romans_Moo.jpeg" width="212" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Romans 7.14-25: Depicting the unregenerate non-believer or the regenerate believer?<a href="applewebdata://189BFE25-B7CF-4EB1-8011-B403B123DB30#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Who is the “I” (<i>ego</i>)?<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arguments for the unregenerate/non-believer view:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The strong connection of <i>ego</i> with “the flesh” (vv. 14, 18, and 25) suggests Paul is elaborating on the unregenerate condition mentioned in 7:5: being “in the flesh.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ego</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> throughout this passage struggles “on his/her own” (cf. “I myself” in v. 25), without the aid of the Holy Spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ego</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> is “under the power of sin” (v. 14b), a state from which every believer is released (6:2, 6, 11, 18-22).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">As the unsuccessful struggle of vv. 15-20 shows, <i>ego</i> is a “prisoner of the law of sin” (v. 23).<span> </span>Yet Rom. 8:2 proclaims that believers have been set free from this same “law of sin (and death).”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">While Paul makes clear that believers will continue to struggle with sin (cf., e.g., 6:12-13; 13:12-14; Gal. 5:17), what is depicted in 7:14-25 is not just a struggle with sin but a defeat by sin.<span> </span>This is a more negative view of the Christian life than can be accommodated within Paul’s theology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The <i>ego</i> in these verses struggles with the need to obey the Mosaic law; yet Paul has already proclaimed the release of the believer from the dictates of the law (6:14; 7:4-6).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arguments for regenerate/believer view:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ego must refer to Paul himself, and the shift from the past tense of vv. 7-13 to the present tenses of vv. 14-25 can be explained only if Paul is describing in these latter verses his present experience as a Christian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Only the regenerate truly “delight in God’s law” (v. 22), seek to obey it (vv. 15-20), and “serve” it (v. 25); the unregenerate do not “seek after God” (3:11) and cannot “submit to the law of God” (8:7).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Whereas the “mind” of people outside of Christ is universally presented in Paul as opposed to God and his will (cf. Rom. 1:28; Eph. 4:17; Col. 2:18; 1 Tim. 6:5; 2 Tim. 3:8; Tit. 2:15), the “mind” of <i>ego</i> in this text is a positive medium by which <i>ego</i> “serves the law of God” (vv. 22, 25).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ego</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> must be a Christian because only a Christian possesses the “inner person”; cf. Paul’s only other two uses of the phrase in 2 Cor. 4:16; Eph. 3:16.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The passage concludes, <i>after</i> Paul’s mention of the deliverance wrought by God in Christ, with a reiteration of the divided state of the <i>ego</i> (vv. 24-25).<span> </span>This shows that the division and struggle of the <i>ego</i> that Paul depicts in these verses is that of the person already saved by God in Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://189BFE25-B7CF-4EB1-8011-B403B123DB30#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> Taken from Douglas J. Moo, <i>The Epistle to the Romans</i> NICNT (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996), 445-447.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-12961715018813522912023-02-24T11:32:00.000-07:002023-02-24T11:32:00.436-07:00Death Penalty Discussion Board<p> <i>* For my ethics class discussion board. I chose to respond to an article that was arguing against the death penalty.</i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34IMQziKxl_METc9RxILMHK_M3T7vMrM_Az_R7khEbsyYMpAahwsrJgODTumtzDBS59QX9KDbm45jqxrvNBym-AurfpEkZiMvxGcUI7raeGCTHGKAtjK7Ip96sjA9nh5QCm_v9oodNz72evVnAD5F7I8P_0ATMJUrj-xJiYnpMql1AtiPOtM_kzNL/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34IMQziKxl_METc9RxILMHK_M3T7vMrM_Az_R7khEbsyYMpAahwsrJgODTumtzDBS59QX9KDbm45jqxrvNBym-AurfpEkZiMvxGcUI7raeGCTHGKAtjK7Ip96sjA9nh5QCm_v9oodNz72evVnAD5F7I8P_0ATMJUrj-xJiYnpMql1AtiPOtM_kzNL/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Contra Bedau<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hugo Adam Bedau’s “The Case Against the Death Penalty” does not so much argue for an intellectual position but, rather, loudly asserts it. And many of these assertions are logical fallacies masquerading as reasoned discourse.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bedau’s introduction mentions that the arguments to oppose to capital punishment are moral, practical, and constitutional in nature. The bulk of the essay (as least in this edited rendition) is taken up with practical matters in the current application of the death penalty. The major headings are “deterrence,” “unfairness,” and “inevitability of error.” Thus, it is in the introduction that the moral arguments against capital punishment are contained. My focus will be here.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bedau’s introduction is a target rich environment for logical fallacies and rhetorical recklessness. Here a few problems:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The first bullet point simply begs the question by calling capital punishment “cruel and unusual” and calling it a barbaric practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The second bullet point engages in equivocation. It starts out by talking about how “murder demonstrates a lack of respect for human life” as a general truth but then uses this framework to speak against “state-authorized killing,” thus seeming to equate murder with state-sponsored capital punishment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The third bullet point begins by stating, “Capital punishment denies due process of law.” This is factually incorrect. There is due process involved but it is not infinitely extendable. But the failure to extend out the process does not mean there was not “due process” in the legal sense. Unless, of course, simply begs the question by assuming the death penalty cannot have due process at all.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The sixth bullet point reads, “Executions give society the unmistakable message that human life no longer deserves respect when it is useful to take it and that homicide is legitimate when deemed justified by pragmatic concerns.” There are a number of problems with this one sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The message is not “unmistakable” since many who endorse capital punishment do not even begin to think this. They think it is a matter of justice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The category of “useful to take it” is erroneously assumed as the motive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The use of the word “homicide” is rhetorically prejudicial. “Homicide” has connotations of the illegitimate taking of innocent human life. Its use here with its connotations leans into the fallacy of begging the question.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The defenders of capital punishment do not rely solely on “pragmatic concerns.” This is a strawman fallacy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The seventh bullet point talks of “reliance on the death penalty” but this is, again, straw manning of the position. Why not a “reluctant use” of the capital punishment in specialized and extreme circumstances? This bullet point also states, “Politicians who preach the desirability of executions as a weapon of crime control deceive the public and mask their own failure to support anti-crime measures that will really work.” Besides straw manning the argument (again) there is also a false dichotomy here. One can consistently affirm the death penalty and support various anti-crime measures under consideration by Bedau.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The last bullet point is full of errors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“A decent and humane society does not deliberately kill human beings.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If Bedau really believes this he will be pro-life on the abortion issue from the moment of conception. (Just an aside…)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The statement is so lacking in specificity that is incorrect. Here’s a counter-claim: “A decent and humane society does deliberately kill human beings… who are killing children in a shoot spree.” We have snipers who we train and pay to be ready for such instances. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If the claim is made more specific to take into account my counter-example it would have to be something like, “A decent and humane society does not deliberately kill <i>innocent</i> human beings.” But the defender of capital punishment could easily agree with this modified statement—in fact, she would urge such a statement be adopted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">There is, again, the prejudicial language of “homicide.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">There is a one-sentence historical statement: “In this century, governments have too often attempted to justify their lethal fury by the benefits such killing would bring to the rest of society.” Perhaps true, but irrelevant to the case under consideration. An example of a Red Herring.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An essay which begins with such irrational devices and rhetorical excess is suspect. Even granting most of his remaining points revolving around deterrence, unfairness, and error, this does not advance the fundamental moral question about the justness of the act of capital punishment. His subsidiary arguments may challenge the defender of capital punishment to raise the bar epistemologically so that the problems in application are resolved.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><p><i><br /></i></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-54275169905459734012023-02-16T21:11:00.004-07:002023-02-16T21:11:59.713-07:00Moral Choices: Case 8.1--Your Father's Living Will<p> <i>* For an assignment for my ethics class with Dr. Scott Rae for the MA in philosophy program at Biola University. </i></p><p><i>** For another study on issues related to this see my <a href="https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2016/11/life-death-growing-old-part-six-end-of.html">"Life, Death, & Growing Old (Part 6): End of Life Issues"</a></i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBvvM3UNQwNZp34J6VoXlDEZ0EyceNTjn0XQkc2-fubBSlCh0bLgaM_PyCpr1V2jFQdTAIHjp5vBPob0p57jfwHx88tEIUZfs1uKGMdQO1vFQKMSZ_zBmII7i4FiOOJW6yDHzqz_A-E7p7H99vAiENzeEZuaUXwuGmox1AwtUQOi5vtCtCY--uglS/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBvvM3UNQwNZp34J6VoXlDEZ0EyceNTjn0XQkc2-fubBSlCh0bLgaM_PyCpr1V2jFQdTAIHjp5vBPob0p57jfwHx88tEIUZfs1uKGMdQO1vFQKMSZ_zBmII7i4FiOOJW6yDHzqz_A-E7p7H99vAiENzeEZuaUXwuGmox1AwtUQOi5vtCtCY--uglS/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Case 8.1: Your Father’s Living Will<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Your elderly father has recently been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. His doctors estimate that he has roughly a year left to live before the cancer will overtake him. His is wisely using this as an opportunity to think about what kinds of treatments he wants or wants to refuse as the cancer runs its course. He has seen several of his friends die on life support in hospitals and wants to make sure that he doesn’t die that way. He is asking you to be his medical decision maker should he lose the ability to make those decisions for himself. Specifically, he does not want to be on ventilator support, especially if it looks like he cannot be weaned from it. You realize that means that he may die sooner than if he were on such support, and you wonder if you can do that, given your strong view of the sanctity of life. It feels as if you would be killing you dad if you authorized the withholding or withdrawal of ventilator support. He has maintained that if his life gets too painful or has suffering that can’t be alleviated, he wants to have the option of physician-assisted suicide, since it’s legal in the state in which he resides.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Questions for Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Do you think it is acceptable to remove or withhold a ventilator from your father in his condition, even if it means he will die sooner? If not, why not? If so, under what conditions is it acceptable?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Do you believe that removing a ventilator would be killing your father? Would it make you complicit in his death? Why or why not?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Your father also does not want to be on feeding tubes for his nutrition and hydration should he lose the ability to swallow. Would you consider feeding tubes the same as ventilator, or are feeding tubes more basic care? Is removing the feeding tubes the same as starving someone to death? Why or why not?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><div style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Assuming you live in a state where physician-assisted suicide is legal, would you help facilitate physician-assisted suicide for him? Why or why not?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">This case raises all sorts of ethical issues for end-of-life decisions. Movement forward can be found in carefully delineating crucial distinctions that will help clarify the ethical boundaries within which one should move. The following distinctions will be highlighted: (1) Withholding versus withdrawing treatment, (2) Killing versus letting die, and (3) Removing a ventilator versus removing feeding tubes. Furthermore, a consideration of physician assisted suicide will be briefly examined.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Distinction One: Withholding/Withdrawing Treatment<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The first distinction to note in this situation concerns that of withholding treatment and withdrawing treatment. Many ethicists recognize that there “is no significant moral difference between the two.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> If there is a legitimate place for informed consent in refusing a treatment then there is also a morally appropriate place for withdrawing that treatment. Although there is no morally relevant difference between the two there may be an emotional difference that is felt. As Scott Rae notes, “The reason for this emotional difference is that the family sees their loved one being maintained on life support, and the decision to withdraw it often feels more like they are causing the death of their loved one.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> The issue of whether one is causing the death of a loved one by withdrawing treatment will be taken up below under the distinction between “killing and letting die.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> If the above is correct, then it is important to examine what morally legitimate reasons there might be to forgo medical treatment.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> The usual course of action is to pursue medical practices and procedures which elongate life with the goal of moving one toward healing and restoration. There are situations, however, in which these goals cannot be met, and the prolonged use of certain medical practices and devices actually diminish the earthly goods intrinsic to life. Some of these intrinsic goods might include “physical comfort, the fellowship of family and friends, and the ability to work and play.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> In light of these considerations the following guidelines can be offered as to when forgoing treatment is morally allowable:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">When a competent patient requests it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">When the treatments are futile.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">When the burdens of the treatment outweigh the benefits.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Regarding number two—the issue of “futility”—Rae helpfully articulates a specified notion of “futility” in this context: “But more broadly, treatments are futile if they will not reverse an imminent and irreversible downward spiral toward death for the patient. To put it another way, treatments are futile if they will not restore the patient to an acceptable quality of life.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> This appears correct, with one caveat regarding the phrase, “quality of life.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> VanDrunen correctly notes that the phrase “quality of life” is “a slippery phrase that different people use in different ways.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> His thought here is worth quoting in full:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some people use the idea of “quality of life” to ask whether certain sorts of lives are no longer valuable or not worth living. For example, suppose that a course of treatment would prevent me from dying but result in a poor quality of life, because it would lead to physical discomfort and prevent me from performing many activities that I enjoy. Should I forgo treatment because I would be better off dead than experiencing such a life? I suggest that this is a morally problematic use of the “quality of life” idea. All human life is valuable and… it is never our prerogative to seek death because of despair and discouragement. There is a better use of the “quality of life” idea, however. It is proper to ask whether life without treatment or life with treatment would be <i>better</i>. The question is not about choosing life or death, but about choosing which sort of life (though we know that one choice might bring death sooner).<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With this caveat in view, the criteria can be appropriately applied to the case under consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Before applying all the above to the case under consideration, one more factor ought to be considered—the age of the father. He is an elderly man. This is a relevant factor considering the nature of death. In Scripture death is seen as both an enemy (1 Corinthians 15.26), in that it is not an original intention of our Creator for humankind but, rather an alien intrusion into his good creation, as well as a natural part of the cursed created order under sin (Romans 3.23; 6.23). Death’s normalcy and even the usual set time frame for a life is a settled reality for those who live in a cursed word. Even someone who accords no value to the scriptural testimony can feel and see this two-edged perspective on death. There is a general fear of death and an empirical reality to the extent of one’s lifespan. With this understanding, “We instinctively judge that a child’s death at age nine is a tragedy in a way that an elderly person’s death at age ninety-nine is not.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> All of this should be factored into the decision to forgo treatment. As VanDrunen notes, “A person at an advanced stage of life cannot expect a significantly longer life even with treatment. Nor can she expect, even under the best circumstances, to be able to pursue the range of human goods that a younger person could.”<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This case is specifically about an elderly man who has been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer and has about a year to live. He is fully cognizant of his medical situation and has also seen friends die on life support in hospitals and does not want to die in that manner. In particular, he desires to avoid being put on a ventilator, especially if it appears that he will be unable to be weaned off it. The decision by the man himself or his proxy appears to a morally acceptable one. Of course, there could be underlying motives and intentions, unstated and undetected, that would sully the morality of the decision but the proxy who has strong beliefs about the sanctity of life ought not to feel guilty (since there is no moral guilt in the action) for removing his elderly father from the ventilator. This leads to the second crucial distinction to be considered—the distinction between “killing” and “letting die.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Distinction Two: Killing/Letting Die </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Even if one is morally justified in removing one’s elderly father off the ventilator as per his stated intentions, is this act equivalent to killing him? James Rachels and others argue that the distinction between killing a person and letting them die is not morally relevant. The thought experiments brought up to justify this line of thinking drop out key elements of ethical analysis. The most prominent element overlooked by Rachels, and others, is the intention of the moral agent involved. Looking at only the overt action and failing to consider the moral relevance of intentions and motives renders this approach to moral analysis shortsighted. This becomes crucial to examining the key difference between terminating life support (TLS) and physician assisted suicide (PAS). In TLS the aim is not necessarily to bring about death whereas in PAS this is the explicit aim of the patient and doctor. Rae helpfully distinguishes between <i>intending</i>death, <i>foreseeing</i> death, and <i>accepting</i> death.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> The patient or proxy acting with the consent of the patient is not seeking death as the primary target—he is not intending death. However, in the act of TLS, he does foresee death coming and accepts this consequent result.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> In accordance with this analysis, VanDrunen helpfully notes that the choice for TLS is not aimed at death, but at a different kind of life. In the situation of a terminal case like the one being examined, the decision to forgo certain medical interventions may not be a decision to die. VanDrunen argues as follows, using the example of cancer and the patient’s forgoing of chemotherapy: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The fact of death has already been decided, apart from the cancer victim’s will. Instead, the choice to forgo more chemotherapy may be a decision to <i>live </i>a somewhat shorter life than the chemotherapy might make possible, but a shorter life that is free from the debilitating burden of chemotherapy and that enables the person to enjoy her remaining life more—to finish projects, to spend time with loved ones, and to get her house in order. It is not necessarily a choice between life and death, therefore, but a choice between one kind of life and another kind of life.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus, the distinction between active killing and letting someone succumb to imminent death is a valid one.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Distinction Three: Removing the Ventilator and Removing Feeding Tubes </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This case study also asks for consideration of the removal of feeding tubes or, more accurately, artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). Some ethicists find that there is a morally relevant distinction between removing ANH and removing a ventilator. Whereas the removal of the ventilator under certain conditions is morally allowable, the removal of ANH is never justified morally. The most common situation consider in this regard is the person in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). For the person in a PVS, the removal of ANH is still immoral. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This view is not above criticism. It is important to recognize the situational details regarding ANH. Scott Rae is careful to articulate the use of ANH as “medically provided nutrition and hydration” with a key stress on the concept of “medical.” He helpfully writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The phrase “medically provided nutrition and hydration” is used intentionally to underscore the technological nature of the treatment. There is a strong parallel to the ventilator insofar as medical technology is performing an essential function that the body, through injury or disease, can no longer perform itself. Certainly, air to breathe is as basic a human need as food and water. Yet very few question the morality of removing a ventilator under certain conditions since it is considered legitimate medical treatment.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although there is continuing debate among ethicists on the matter, Rae’s reasoning is sound. There is not a significant distinction morally between the removal of a ventilator and the removal of medically provided nutrition and hydration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Physician Assisted Suicide </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> In reference to the case study thus far, it has been argued that (1) there are legitimate reasons to terminate life support, (2) the termination of life support is not equivalent to killing, and (3) in certain situations there is not a morally relevant distinction between the removal of a ventilator and the removal of medically provided nutrition and hydration. Therefore, the elderly father and his son acting as proxy may plan for and implement the withholding or withdrawal of a ventilator. The case study also raises the possibility of the use of physician assisted suicide (PAS) in a state where such is legal. Might it be the case the move from TLS to PAS is also morally legitimate?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> It is here that a moral boundary is crossed in that use of PSA is morally problematic. It is helpful to remember that PSA is a subset of the general category of suicide. From a Christian perspective, suicide is an immoral act of taking one’s own life.<a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a> PAS is aimed at producing the death of the patient. As such, the elderly father in the case study should be encouraged to refrain from pursuing the assistance in suicide from another and the son should not countenance PAS a valid moral choice. The father should be counseled on the legitimacy of TLS and options available. Furthermore, pain-reduction strategies should be surveyed with the father and son as they are clear on morally appropriate options available that fall short of PAS. Besides standard pain management controls (i.e., morphine) there may be other options which are available which do not intentionally aim at death. For example, the “sleep before death” option, in which the patient is sedated before they die, or the use of the doctrine of double effect, in which the amount of pain medication may be increased as needed to control pain but nonetheless knowingly brings about the death of the patient, may be utilized. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> This brief essay has examined three crucial distinctions necessary to analyze this case study in an ethical manner. The first distinction of withholding versus withdrawing treatment was found to be a distinction without morally relevant significance. Reasoning which would allow for withholding a treatment ought to be considered for withdrawing treatment. A brief review of the circumstances in which one would be morally allowed to withhold or withdraw treat was considered. The second distinction of killing versus letting die was found to be a crucial distinction to uphold as morally relevant. The two acts cannot be collapsed into one another. The chief reason for this is that doing so fails to account for the key ethical element of intentionality. The third distinction concerned whether the removal of medically provided nutrition and hydration was in a different moral category than the removal of ventilator for a patient. Although there is dispute on this issue, it was argued that there is not morally relevant distinction that needs to be taken into consideration. A brief examination of physician assisted suicide was also offered with the conclusion that PAS was morally unacceptable, whereas there were other morally acceptable options available for consideration. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> Scott B. Rae, <i>Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</i>—4<sup>th</sup> ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2018), 239. David VanDrunen writes: “In my judgment, the proposed distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment is not morally significant, and it is not possible to identify different sets of criteria for evaluating each one. As some writers have noted, insisting upon the moral significance of this distinction may have the unintended negative effect of discouraging people from beginning useful treatments because they fear they will be bound to a course of treatment that they will not be able to refuse at a later date.” David VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian: A Guide to Making Difficult Decisions</i> (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2009), 216. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Rae, <i>Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</i>, 239.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> The use of the word “forgo” is intentionally following VanDrunen who uses this word “as a general term that includes both ‘withholding’ and ‘withdrawing.’” VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 216.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 220-221.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Rae, <i>Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</i>, 241.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 221.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 221.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 226.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 226.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span> Rae, <i>Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</i>, 251.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span> VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 210-211.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span> VanDrunen offers an insightful note at this point: “I would concede that there are certain circumstances in which a decision to kill actively and a decision to let someone die when it is in our power to prevent it are equally morally reprehensible. The example of the child in the bathtub may well be an example of this. In the medical context, we might imagine a doctor who dislikes a patient and wants her dead, despite the fact that she desires to be healed and has a curable illness. We would probably condemn this doctor just as strongly if he intentionally withheld a treatment necessary to prevent her death as if he secretly gave her a lethal injection. But even in such carefully constructed scenarios in which the moral guilt attaching to two different courses of action seem to be equal, the two different courses of actions <i>themselves</i> are not the same. If one of my neighbors shouts an insult at me from across the street and another neighbor steals a flowerpot from my front yard, I might judge that they have wronged me in equally serious ways. But I would not therefore conclude that there is no meaningful moral distinction to be made between insulting and stealing. They are different moral actions and require a different moral analysis for understanding and evaluating them properly.” VanDrunen, <i>Bioethics and the Christian</i>, 208-209.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span> Rae, <i>Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</i>, 243-244.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://EA8EF053-A258-4874-87F9-30CFB4DEAD25#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span> If someone does not accept the Christian perspective then the form of ethical reasoning may need to start farther back and seek to demonstrate the moral unacceptability of suicide from a kind of natural law argument or, perhaps, from consequentialist considerations. Nevertheless, the presentation of a Christian argument against suicide demonstrates the internal coherence of the Christian ethical viewpoint and allows for the manifestation of truth about God, humanity, and the human predicament. For a fuller presentation on the Christian perspective on suicide see my lesson, “Life, Death, and Growing Old (Part Four): Suicide” <i>White Rose Review</i> (July 20, 2016)—online: </span><a href="http://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2016/07/life-death-growing-old-part-four-suicide.html"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">http://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2016/07/life-death-growing-old-part-four-suicide.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div></div></div><p><i><br /></i></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-26126330375567584152023-02-12T22:15:00.000-07:002023-02-12T22:15:24.324-07:00MicroSort Technology Discussion Board<p> <i>* In our Ethical Issues class at Biola University's Talbot School of Theology we have various discussion board topics. This one was for our unit on the ethics of reproductive technology. I give the prompt and then my answer along with a few responses to other students' comments.</i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMMTAC2ktra23-D3PZxUeNtl3yc0zq_093DRk-6jD7lPpjyMb3G-hmYTR8sSF5sYRhACvNkBQfr-vqXEW9HaA7_ynxY5w-heS2DOJ6Ptp111TFkzInETYmBJVGI51Dpw-imW6VBY15EZwfV6gmi-PfPgHGx-ao-tmbUK2GT4xudbl9d1JvQzOWcc22/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMMTAC2ktra23-D3PZxUeNtl3yc0zq_093DRk-6jD7lPpjyMb3G-hmYTR8sSF5sYRhACvNkBQfr-vqXEW9HaA7_ynxY5w-heS2DOJ6Ptp111TFkzInETYmBJVGI51Dpw-imW6VBY15EZwfV6gmi-PfPgHGx-ao-tmbUK2GT4xudbl9d1JvQzOWcc22/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Discussion Board Prompt:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;">You are counseling a couple who has three children, all boys. They very much want to have a girl and want to use </span></i><a href="https://www.microsort.com/"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Microsort</span></i></a><i><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"> sperm separating technology in order to improve their chances at having a girl. They live in the US and realize that if they lived in a different culture, there may be cultural reasons for preferring one sex over another. They have no sex preference in general, only that they want to balance their family by having a girl to go into the mix with their boys. How would you counsel this couple about using technology to select for sex? Where does Scripture speak to this couple about their decision?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>My Answer:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I would use John Frame's "tri-perspectivalism" approach to ethics to help the couple think through the various aspects. Frame speaks about three perspectives:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Normative perspective which considers deontological categories<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Situational perspective which analyzes the nature of the situation and possible consequences flowing from various choices<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Existential (personal) perspective which emphasizes the character (virtues) of the moral agent<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So any ethical judgment (including this one about technological sex selection) involves the application of a <i>norm</i> to a <i>situation</i> by a <i>person</i>. (Frame, <i>Doctrine of the Christian Life</i>, 33). All of this can be explained fairly simply and quickly (I've done it at church and over meals) by speaking of applying God's rules to the particular situation as we also take into account motives and intentions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Note:</span></b><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Pedagogically and pastorally as I'm working through this issue I will be asking questions of them to ascertain their understanding of God's Word, ethical reasoning, and motives. For example, in light of the normative perspective, as I explain what this is, I might ask, "Can you think of any commandments, rules, or principles from God's Word that might be relevant to this decision?" This allows me to gauge their depth of maturity on ethical matters and their understanding of God's Word. And, of course, patience and empathy are needed throughout the process<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Normative Perspective</span></u></b><b><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The desire for children is a good desire (Genesis 1.28--"Be fruitful and multiply") and children are considered a "gift from the Lord" (Psalm 127.3). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">There is also the fact of that humanity being the image of God is given the task of taking dominion for the glory of God (Genesis 1.28) and this would include laying bare the technological potentialities in the created order.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">There doesn't seem to be anything, in principle, that forbids a couple from exercising directional control of the outcome of the sex of the child. The idea that the doctrine of God's sovereignty precludes the use of this technology would need to be spelled out more fully to gain traction. For those Protestants who allow for some forms of birth control the argument that "it's against God's sovereignty" would need to be nuanced so as not to preclude legitimate forms of birth control.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Situational Perspective</span></u></b><b><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">This perspective understanding the dynamics of understanding exactly what is happening when the Microsort procedure is done. The Microsort website describes the process of how the individual sperm are "tagged." There is no destruction of embryos (human persons) so this is not a problem.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Further study of their website would give the probabilistic success rate which is a factor to consider since one is paying for this procedure. Microsort gives the following </span><a href="https://www.microsort.com/results/"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">effectiveness rates</span></a><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">: for girls 93% and for boys 82%. These are both fairly high rates and in the case being considered (selection for a girl) it is the higher rate. This interest in effectiveness rates is part of the general wisdom approach the Scripture would urge upon us as we live life. One is not engaged in folly if one pursues a path such as this which has a 93% success rate. For comparison, it is the height of folly and a waste of resources to play the state lottery hoping to bring financial stability through such an "investment."<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">One does need to consider unintended consequences to the use of this procedure. Although the percentage is high for success, this is not a guarantee. The couple could still get a boy, instead of a girl. What will this mean for their long-term contentment? Will they still rejoice in God's goodness and providence? This begins to move into the Existential perspective with its emphasis on character and virtue formation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Existential Perspective</span></u></b><b><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Since this perspective deals with character and motives it will be important to help the couple engage in a healthy self-examination of their motives. Why do they want to use this procedure in an effort to get a girl baby? Their stated reason it to "balance their family." I will examine this below. But other motives that would be morally problematic would include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 109.5pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Covetousness or envy of others for what they have.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 109.5pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Self-glory--"Look, I've a got a big, mixed family!" (Proverbs 25.27).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 109.5pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Discontent with one's current situation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;">What of the issue of "balance?" Dr. Rae asks the question, "Why do you think your current family is unbalanced" and then wonders if this quest for balance is not a subtle "shot at the sovereignty of God." It certainly could be motivated by discontent with God's sovereignty, but it doesn't necessarily need to be. My guess is (and I would want to probe this with the couple) the quest for "balance" is not a result of thinking their current family is unbalanced. Rather, as they have a desire to have more children (a good desire, all things considered) the desire is to experience the God-ordained variety in the fruit of multiplication. It can be a good desire to both to experience and express my parenting in relation to a girl. As a parent of three children (two boys--25 and 23 and a girl--18) I can testify that I am changed by being a parent in general and I am changed in specific ways in relation to my boys that are distinct from the ways I am changed and developed in relation parenting my girl. This is a reflection of the goodness of the sexual binary he has created to image himself. Thus, the quest for balance could be (or could be developed) a reflection to experience and express the full range of parenting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 9pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By looking at all three perspectives and helping the couple to see where their heart is at through prayerful self-examination, I think that a couple could use the technology of Microsort to select for the sex of their child.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Addendum to post after reading others’ contributions<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I wanted to add an addendum to my original post in light of thinking of the issue with the other students' arguments in mind. Here is thought experiment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Suppose we discover the hitherto unknown fact that a child conceived by normal sexual intercourse on Mondays has a 82% chance of being male and one conceived on Fridays has a 93% chance of being female. The other five days have a 50/50 chance of being male or female. We do not yet understand the causal mechanisms as to why this is the case but the statistical analysis is secure. Would it be morally permissible to choose to engage in sexual intercourse on Fridays only for a period of time in the hopes of conceiving a girl? Now, of course, there could be all sorts of bad and base motives for such a move (i.e.,the belief that boys are bad or inferior to girls, etc.) but could there not be any good motives (i.e., such as the one I laid out in my original post under the discussion of "balance")?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Someone might object: "Your thought experiment presupposes that we are discovering the way the world is but 'the way the world is' is created by God. Just because we don't yet understand the causal mechanism does not mean that God did not set up the world in the way you describe."<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My response: Yes, God set up the world that way but it's also the case that he set up the world in such a way as to find the means to make the decision by use of a technology. What is the morally relevant difference?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I'm not completely sure my thought experiment works. It might be susceptible to a reductio--does the use of such a thought experiment justify too much? Would it serve to justify anything that we can do technologically? </span></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Follow-up discussion with others:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(45, 59, 69);">[Student A],</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Well, it looks like we came to diametrically opposite conclusions on this issue! I hope our interaction can sharpen each other.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As I read your piece, you have two claims: (1) the use of sperm sorting as done by Microsort is immoral in that the couple is elevating their vision for what they want over God's will and (2) this technology involves the destruction of embryos. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let me take (2) first. I think that this is a factual issue and you may have made a mistake here. If you are correct in your understanding of the facts of the technology, then I would unhesitatingly agree with you on this basis. But, as I understand the technology used by Microsort there are no embryos destroyed. On page 211 of our textbook Dr. Rae writes that the Microsort technology "does not involve abortion or discarding embryos." If it the case that no embryos are destroyed this leaves just your first reason.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Regarding (1), I want to ask for clarification on your view of "sovereignty." You mention using the concept in a "magisterial sense, not a determinist one." I'm unfamiliar with this distinction. I am familiar with the distinction between God's decretive will and his preceptive will. His will of decree cannot be overruled whereas his preceptive will is his will of command, such as "It is God's will for people to not commit murder." His will of precept is violated all the time. That's the rough-and-ready distinction. Theologian John Frame adds a qualifier to "preceptive will":<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"The term <em>preceptive</em> is somewhat misleading, for it does not always have to do with literal precepts (God's law,, commandments). Sometimes God's preceptive will refers to states of affairs that God sees as desirable, but which he chooses not to bring about (e.g., Ezek. 18:23; 2 Peter 3:9)." John Frame, <em>No Other God: A Response to Open Theism</em>, p. 109<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 9pt;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With this distinction, the Microsort technology cannot overrule God's decretive will. I think Dr. Rae is alluding to this when he writes, "But to be clear theologically, no human action is capable of undercutting God's sovereignty." (<em>Moral Choices</em>, 211). So this leaves God's will of precept. Are you claiming that the couple is violating some specific moral stipulation of God's law/code? If so, it would seem incumbent on you to specify exactly what this commandment is which is being violated. Is the claim that there is some state of affairs that God's desires but is overruled by the couple? Again, it seems like you need to specify what this and where in the biblical text or biblical reasoning such a state of affairs is set forth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;"><p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 9pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: #2d3b45; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You do add one more detail to your argument when you imagine that the "couples’ vision is merely the idealized picture of their future family they formulated together early in their relationship." This seems to be an overly negative assessment of people's motivations. I don't doubt that such could be the case but I argue in my post above that there can be other motivations which are more healthy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 45, 53);">[Student B],</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you for your contribution. There are a number of things I agree with in your post. Two of the items are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;">I agree with your thoughts in your second paragraph--particularly the dangers of sex selection in China and India.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;">I agree that children should not be mere means but proper ends of value in themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let me offer a few comments where I find myself less enthusiastic about your arguments:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;">You write, "<i>Trying to determine their children's gender is the distorted greed of parents who think of their children as their own.</i>" You seem to be saying that this is the only motive possible for parents considering the use of Microsort for the selection of the sex of a child. I offer another kind of motive that is possible in my original post. What do you think of it?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;">You write: "<i>If children are God's gift, then their gender must also be God's will, so humans should not change it arbitrarily</i>." Yes, children are God's gift and their gender is also God's will (his decretive will). But in engaging in sex selection through the use of specified sperm does not change a child's gender since that gender has not been actualized yet. Nor does the decision to attempt to set the direction of a child's sex need to be done arbitrarily. There can, potentially, be good reasons offered which are not arbitrary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #222d35; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You write: "<i>However, it is not appropriate to use this technology for simple family balance because it is against the providence of God. Before we adjust gender to suit our taste, we must think about why God gave a child of this gender to our family</i>." Before one can claim it is "against the providence of God" one should specify which conception of the providence of God one is working with--Reformed, Arminian, Molinist, Open Theism, etc. I'm not sure any of the views argue that the procedure violates the providence of God. It may be a violation of the law or command of God. Or it might be construed along the following lines, "Human beings lack the authority to make certain decisions about the beginning or ending of life. Such decisions are reserved to divine sovereignty." (NBAC Report "Cloning Human Beings," p. 44). In other words, your objection might better be stated as an illegitimate overreach into an area where only God has the prerogative to act. Also, your statement speaks of adjust the gender of the child and asking "why God gave a child of this gender to our family." This presupposes that the child is already in existence but this is not the case in the situation under consideration. The use of Microsort is not changing the gender of the child but attempting to set the direction of which sex is most likely conceived. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p><i><br /></i></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-47804287632043697632023-01-29T21:04:00.001-07:002023-01-29T21:04:53.133-07:00Moral Choices: Case 5.2--the anencephalic child<p><i>* For an assignment for an ethics class for my MA program at Biola University with Dr. Scott Rae. </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jzuYVkPitbv28ZoZIDOS6rLfS_uyl5VQAxOz9A5lB2Ti0SRfPhTcnQGNRe4pnJXIUESM_KqSp5nbw8Zr54g5ZIKMRcRN-AFaIRFsouHK8R1J8zw8HTu0v4CMmuKzHIpd41fSOMgTXhEa_JAFpzHXr3ZI0gC5qastStiYySKF6h-7CRTcQk1JOZEy/s400/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jzuYVkPitbv28ZoZIDOS6rLfS_uyl5VQAxOz9A5lB2Ti0SRfPhTcnQGNRe4pnJXIUESM_KqSp5nbw8Zr54g5ZIKMRcRN-AFaIRFsouHK8R1J8zw8HTu0v4CMmuKzHIpd41fSOMgTXhEa_JAFpzHXr3ZI0gC5qastStiYySKF6h-7CRTcQk1JOZEy/s320/Moral%20Choices.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">—4<sup>th</sup> ed. By Scott Rae (Zondervan, 2018), pp. 163-164<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Case 5.2<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You and your spouse have found out in the last few weeks that child with whom you are pregnant has been diagnosed with anencephaly, a fatal genetic disorder in which the cerebral cortex of the brain does not develop at all. The skull is somewhat flat and quite deformed looking. Only the brain stem, which controls all the nonvoluntary actions of the body, such as heartbeat, respiration, and digestion develops. The child will be born in a permanent vegetative state and is not likely to live longer than a few months, though some have lived as long as a year. At present the pregnancy is just into the second trimester.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Your physician has recommended ending the pregnancy as soon as possible. Your doctor want to avoid labor and delivery for you, and there are some additional risks in a natural delivery of an anencephalic child due to the larger shape of the baby’s skull. A cesarean section would not carry those risks, but that is a more invasive way to deliver the baby. You have strong feelings about the morality of abortion when done for nonmedical reasons. You wonder if this child is actually a person, since he or she will be born with only a brain stem and no higher brain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Questions for Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What are the primary moral issues to be resolved in this case?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What decision will you make? If you choose to end the pregnancy, what will you tell your neighbor, who knows how you feel about abortion in general? If you choose to carry the pregnancy to term, what will you tell your doctor, who insists that you are carrying a terminally ill child who will die shortly after birth, and you are subjecting yourself to unnecessary risks and emotional heartache?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Your physician suggests that ending the pregnancy is parallel to turning off life support from terminally ill patients who are going to die very soon because keeping the person on life support is futile. He argues that your womb is the equivalent of a life support system for the baby and you are simply turning it off because the child will be born with a terminal illness. Do you agree with the doctor’s reasoning? Why or why not?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Primary moral issues</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Some of the key moral issues in this scenario are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Should the pregnancy be terminated or not?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Should the mother be placed in a difficult and risky situation with potential harms to her health?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Should we seek to alleviate or mitigate the risk to the mother’s health?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How does one balance the life and health of the mother and the value of the fetus?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How is a person’s character best expressed in light of their fundamental values?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How will the choice affect one’s moral character?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What is the nature of the pre-born entity in this case? Does the failure of the cerebral cortex entail a lack of full personhood?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Decision made and what to tell the doctor<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> I believe my wife and I would choose to go ahead with the pregnancy and chose to deliver the child in the manner most conducive to her health and the health of the baby. The doctor’s argument, “you are carrying a terminally ill child who will die after birth, and you are subjecting yourself to unnecessary risks and emotional heartache” would need to be answered in the following manner.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> First, the nature of our Christian worldview is such that a specific value structure flows from it. It is here that reality of the integration of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics would come out. My metaphysical (or, ontological) assumptions are such that there is a God who is the Creator of all things, sovereign, good, and omniscience—to name just a few of the key elements relevant to the decision. Further, human beings are composed of more than mere matter. I deny physicalism and allow for an immaterial soul.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> In terms of epistemology, I hold to the validity of empirical scientific knowledge but also to natural revelation and special revelation as valid modes of knowledge. Philosophical reasoning based on the nature of the human person is possible. Furthermore, as a Christian I affirm that there is scriptural revelation in the Bible that is relevant to the situation. Both philosophical reasoning and scriptural data give us insight into the nature of the human person as well as provide guidance for the values to be pursued and exemplified. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> A full case from the Bible for the personhood of the pre-born entity from the moment of conception could be given. The cumulative case argument would include the following items:<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Bible makes a distinction between conception and birth. The biblical writers demonstrate an awareness of the life of the unborn.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Hosea 9.11; Ruth 4.13; Isaiah 7.14<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Genesis (11xs): 4.1, 17; 21.2; 29.32, 33, 34, 35; 30.5, 19, 23; 38.3, 4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Personal language is applied to the preborn.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Genesis 4.1; Job 3.3; Psalm 51.5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Personality traits are attributed to the fetus in utero.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Genesis 25.22; Luke 1.41, 44<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iv.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The unborn are called “children.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Luke 1.41, 44—Greek word for baby (<i>brephos</i>) is applied to unborn <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Cf. Luke 2.12 where this word is applied to newly born Jesus<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>v.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The unborn are known by God in a personal way.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">God oversees the development of the fetus: Job 31.13-15; Psalm 119.73; Psalm 139.13-16<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">God relates personally to the unborn in preparing them as individuals for a specific calling: Isaiah 49.1; Jeremiah 1.5; Judges 13.3-5; Romans 9.11; Galatians 1.15<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Philosophical reflection upon the nature of personhood also moves me to consider to the full personhood of the human from the moment of conception. It is important to grasp the nature of this point. In popular pro-choice argumentation it is sometimes alleged that no one knows when a human being comes into existence. This is scientifically false. There is widespread agreement that at the moment of conception a human being is brought into existence.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> Even the radical pro-choice philosopher and defender of infanticide, Peter Singer, acknowledges this point:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is possible to give ‘human being’ a precise meaning. We can use it as equivalent to ‘member of the species <i>Homo Sapiens</i>.’ Whether a being is a member of a given species is something that can be determined scientifically, by an examination of the nature of the chromosomes in the cells of living organisms. In this sense, there is no doubt that from the first moments of its existence an embryo conceived from human sperm and eggs is a human being.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What is at issue is whether the human life which is in existence from the moment of conception should be accorded “personhood”—the value and dignity accorded to persons. This is a philosophical question which cannot be adequately addressed by merely a biological examination. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> I affirm the full personhood of the human from the moment of conception. This understanding of personhood rejects “decisive moment” metrics after conception at which personhood is attained. There are different criteria offered by various viewpoints as to when the benchmark of personhood is reached: detectable brainwaves, viability, sentience, cognitive actions comprising complex communication, birth, and even after birth.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Until such criteria are met the pre-natal human life is, at best, only a “potential person.” This view of the human person is functionalist in nature; only if an entity possesses a certain specified set of properties can it be considered a person. The alternative view, which I affirm, is that of a substance view of the human person. Francis Beckwith articulates this understanding of personhood:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Because one can only develop certain functions because of the sort of being one <i>is</i>, a human being, at every state of her development is <i>never</i> a potential person; she is <i>always</i> a person with potential even if that potential is never actualized due to premature death or the result of the absence or deformity of a physical state necessary to actualize that potential.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Such a substance view of the human person entails that the anencephalic child in the womb is a person with a damaged developmental system. She is nevertheless still a human person. As a human person she has all the capacity for higher mental functions, but a developmental error has not allowed the latent capacity for these higher mental functions to develop. Nonetheless, she is the kind of entity—a human being—with the capacity for such functions. Patrick Lee helpfully explains this view when he argues:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But there is a sense in which human embryos and fetuses also have a capacity for higher mental functions. Human embryos and fetuses cannot of course immediately perform such acts. Still, they are related to such acts differently than, say, a canine or feline embryo is. They are members of a natural kind—a biological species—whose members, if not prevented by some extrinsic cause, in due course develop the immediately exercisable capacity for such mental functions. The fact that they do shows that members of this species come to be with whatever it takes to <i>develop</i> that immediately exercisable capacity, given a suitable environment and nutrition, and that only the adverse effects on them of other cause will prevent it.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Such a view of the human person allows me to see the child in the womb with anencephaly as a full human person with damage to their development. But a damaged person is still a person and should be accorded the full range of love and protection as befits their status as a human person.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The above view of the human person as a substance-kind of entity also helps to answer the doctor’s concerns regarding “unnecessary risk and emotional heartache.” Yes, there is increased risk in the pregnancy but since there is a human person involved this risk is not unnecessary. It is precisely this kind of risk that may manifest one’s character—an aspect of virtue ethics. The virtuous person will risk in appropriate ways for the sake of others—especially when that other is one’s own child. This concern for virtue ethics and one’s character also serves to nuance the role of suffering in the “emotional heartache.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There will be the suffering of heartache but this, too, is in alignment with the Christian worldview. Daniel Hurst accurately notes the dynamic of suffering in the Christian life:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The notion of suffering and its ability to produce character and make possible a deeper experience with God is littered throughout Scripture. This is a point that opponents to our position will not be fond of, yet it is one that Christian tradition and Scripture stand upon and must not forfeit.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Not only this, but there is also the consequence that flows from those who nobly suffer in the cause of love—they become moral exemplars to others. They serve to manifest a unique kind of love which both allures and motivates others to acts of love in the midst of suffering.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The doctor’s analogy<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> In this scenario the doctor has suggested “that ending the pregnancy is parallel to turning off life support from terminally ill patients who are going to die very soon because keeping the person on life support is futile.” In his argument, the womb is equivalent of a life support system for the baby and that one is simply “turning it off because the child will be born with a terminal illness.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> The doctor is correct that there can be morally appropriate times to “turn off the life support” for someone who is terminally ill. It is not required that one always do everything possible to avoid death. Gilbert Meilaender writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nevertheless, the fact that we ought not to aim at death for ourself or another does not mean that we must always do everything possible to oppose it. Life is not our god, but a gift of God; death is a great evil, but not the ultimate evil. There may come a time, then, when it is proper to acknowledge death and cease to oppose it. Our aim in such circumstances is to care for the dying person as best we can—which now, we judge, means withdrawing rather than imposing treatment.<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Where the doctor’s reasoning goes astray is in his failure to recognize the disanalogies in his parallel between life support and the womb. His reasoning is, thus, a faulty comparison that fails to accurately reflect the difference between the two cases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> First, a life support system for a terminally ill patient is an artificial environment whereas the womb is the natural place for fetal life to be. There is a prima facie case to be made that the fetus has a right to the mother’s womb. As Francis Beckwith notes: “This period of a human being’s <i>natural</i> development occurs in the womb. This is the journey which <i>we all</i> must take and is a necessary condition for <i>any </i>human being’s post-uterine existence.”<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Second, in the act of aborting the anencephalic child one is not merely “turning off life support.” One is actively aiming at the death of the developmentally challenged child. Nor can the death of the child in this scenario be justified under the guise of “double effect” reasoning. Double effect reasoning is as follows: </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“It is permissible to do one action with two effects, one good and one bad, so long as the action itself is ethically acceptable, the evil effect is not chosen as a means or as an end, and there is a proportionately serious reason for allowing the evil side effect.”<a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> In the abortion of the anencephalic child, however, the evil effect (the death of the child) is chosen as an end—the goal is to produce a dead child. Thus, the doctor’s “parallel” between life support for a terminally ill patient and abortion of an anencephalic child is without merit.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> The substance dualism I hold to is more in line with a Thomistic view of the soul rather than a strict Cartesian view. See J. P. Moreland, “In Defense of a Thomistic-like Dualism” <i>The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism</i>, eds. Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J. L. Menuge, and J. P. Moreland (Wiley-Blackwell, 2018), 102-122.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span> A fuller case utilizing this framework is available in my essay, “The Bible and Abortion: Making the Case for Respect for Pre-natal Life from Scripture,” <i>White Rose Review</i> (July 17, 2022)—online: <a href="https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2022/07/the-bible-and-abortion-making-case-for.html">https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2022/07/the-bible-and-abortion-making-case-for.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span> See <a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B/%22The%20Origin%20of%20Human%20Life%20at%20Fertilization:%20Quotes%20from%20Medical%20Textbooks%20and%20Peer-Reviewed%20Scientific%20Literature%22">"The Origin of Human Life at Fertilization: Quotes from Medical Textbooks and Peer-Reviewed Scientific Literature"</a> by M. L. Condic (September 2017)—online: </span><a href="https://bdfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Condic-Sources-Embryology.pdf-old"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">https://bdfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Condic-Sources-Embryology.pdf-old</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span> Quoted in Christopher Kaczor, “Abortion as Human Rights Violation,” in Kate Greasley and Christopher Kaczor, <i>Abortion Rights: For and Against </i>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 91. Kaczor is quoting from Peter Singer, <i>Writings on an Ethical Life</i> (New York: Ecco Press, 2000), 127.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span> Mary Anne Warren, for example, delineates the following criteria of personhood: consciousness, reasoning, self-motivated activity, capacity to communicate and self-concepts with self-awareness. See Mary Anne Warren, “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,” <i>The Monist</i> 57.1 (1973), 55. Warren was forced to admit that such a high bar for personhood would not be met by a newborn infant and, thus, would justify infanticide. This reasoning was also taken by Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva in their essay arguing for the moral permissibility of infanticide, “After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?” <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i> 39 (2013), 261-263.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span> Francis J. Beckwith, “The Explanatory Power of the Substance View of Persons,” <i>Christian Bioethics</i> 10 (2004), 36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span> Patrick Lee, “A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate,” <i>Christian Bioethics</i> 10 (2004), 14.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span> Daniel J. Hurst, “Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: A Slippery Slope Indeed,” <i>The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission Blog </i>(July 29, 2015)—online: <a href="https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/physician-assisted-suicide-and-euthanasia-a-slippery-slope-indeed/">https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/physician-assisted-suicide-and-euthanasia-a-slippery-slope-indeed/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span> For a deeply moving reflection and example of this see Aaron D. Cobb, <i>Loving Samuel: Suffering, Dependence, and the Calling of Love</i>(Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2014). Cobb and his wife discovered that their pre-born child had Trisomy 18 and would only live a few hours, if born at all. Cobb’s reflections on love and suffering are profound and exemplary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span> Gilbert Meilaender, <i>Bioethics: A Primer for Christians</i> (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996), 71.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span> Francis J. Beckwith, “Personal Bodily Rights, Abortion, and Unplugging the Violinist,” <i>International Philosophical Quarterly </i>32.1 (1992), 113. Beckwith adds, “the unborn entity is a human being who is by her very nature <i>dependent</i> on her mother, for this is how human beings are at this stage of their development.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="applewebdata://982F84AC-DBE7-4C0C-A3DC-4620992E910B#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span> Christopher Kaczor, “Abortion as Human Rights Violation,” in Kate Greasley and Christopher Kaczor, <i>Abortion Rights: For and Against </i>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 157.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6590561952202918673.post-49069862577578942212023-01-27T18:17:00.004-07:002023-01-27T18:17:27.026-07:00Some Thoughts on Deconstruction and Deconversion--Part Two<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">PART TWO<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Review:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Deconstruction and Deconversion as…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Repudiation and Reconfiguration <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Why people repudiate and reconfigure the faith…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Scripture<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Science<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Christians<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Hell<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">God of the Bible<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">LGBTQ issues<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Introduction for tonight: <b><span style="background-color: yellow;">2 Corinthians 10.3-5</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">3</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh <sup>4</sup>for the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh, but divinely powerful for the destruction of fortresses.<span> </span><sup>5</sup>We are destroying speculations and every lofty thing raised up against the knowledge of God, and we are taking every thought captive to the obedience of Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Resources at Ratiochristi.org: <b><i>ratiochristi.org/resources/publications/<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">29 booklets (30 pages long)<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">KEY Book!<span> </span><b><i>In Search of a Confident Faith: Overcoming Barriers to Trusting in God</i> </b>by J. P. Moreland and Klaus Issler (Intervarsity Press, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Distractions of the Head and Distractions of the Heart (chapters 2 & 3)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Distractions of the Head: Two kinds<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Vague doubts<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Specific doubts<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Vague Doubts and cultural plausibility structure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Plausibility structure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“Every culture has a set of background assumptions—we call it a plausibility structure—that sets a tone or a framework for what people think, how they feel and how they act.<span> </span>It directs what they will entertain as plausible, what they will habitually notice or disregard without thinking about what they are doing, and how they form and retain their beliefs.<span> </span>This plausibility structure is so widespread and subtle that people usually don’t even know it is there even though it hugely impacts their perspective on the world.<span> </span>The plausibility structure is composed of thoughts (e.g., scientists are smart; religious people are gullible and dumb), symbols (a flag being burned, a picture of Paris Hilton, tattoos), music and so forth.<span> </span>It is so deeply internalized and widely adopted that it is taken for granted.<span> </span>It is so subconscious that it is seldom noticed.” (Moreland and Issler, 45-46)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“Here’s the problem this raises for trust in God.<span> </span>Without even knowing it, we all carry with us this cultural map, this background set of assumptions, and our self-talk—the things that form our default beliefs (ones we naturally accept without argument), the things we are embarrassed to believe (if they run contrary to the authorities in our cultural map), and related matters—create a natural set of doubts about Christianity.<span> </span>Most of these factors are things people are not even aware of. In fact, if this cultural map is brought to people’s attention, they would most likely disown it even though, in fact, it constitutes the internalized ideas that actually shape what people do and don’t believe.” (Moreland and Issler, 46)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Naturalism as the aura and aroma of our plausibility structure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Vague doubts due to the background plausibility structure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“In contrast, other doubts are unknowingly fed by ideas absorbed from the plausibility structure of the surrounding culture.<span> </span>People with these kinds of doubts are unaware of how they have been influenced by the assumptions made by the surrounding culture (and, as we said above, they may not even recognize those assumptions even when made explicit).<span> </span>Even though such assumptions are usually easy to answer, finding such answers does not, by itself, resolve the doubts.<span> </span>This can only be done by making those cultural assumptions explicit, by exposing them for the intellectual frauds they actually are, and by being vigilant in keeping them before one’s mind and spotting their presence in the ordinary reception of input each day from newspapers, magazines, office conversation, television, movies and so on.<span> </span>Said differently, it is not enough to find good answers to these doubts as it is for more specific intellectual problems.<span> </span><i>The real solution here is the conscious formation of alternative, countercultural ways of seeing, thinking and being present </i>in the world.<span> </span>If this is not done, these background assumptions will bully us Christians to live secular lives, and they will squeeze the spiritual life out of us.” (Moreland and Issler, 47-48)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Seven main doubt-inducing background assumptions (Moreland and Issler, 48)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">It is smarter to doubt things than to believe them.<span> </span>Smart people are skeptical.<span> </span>People who find faith easy are simplistic, gullible and poorly educated.<span> </span>The more educated you become, the more you will become a skeptic.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">University professors are usually unbelievers because they know things unrecognized by average folk that make belief in the Bible a silly thing to have.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Religion is a matter of private, personal feelings and should be kept out of debates—political and/or moral—in the public square.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Science is the only way to know reality with confidence, or least it is a vastly superior way of knowing reality than other approaches, e.g., religious ones.<span> </span>And science has made belief in God unnecessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We can know things only through our five senses.<span> </span>If I can see, touch, taste, hear or smell something, then it’s real and I can know it.<span> </span>But if I can’t sense it in one of these ways, I can’t know it’s real and I must settle for a blind, arbitrary choice to believe in it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If we can’t get the experts to agree on something like the existence and nature of God, abortion, or life after death, then we just know anything about it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Enlightened people are tolerant, nonjudgmental and compassionate.<span> </span>They are unwilling to impose their views on others.<span> </span>Defensive, unenlightened people are dogmatic, ugly polar opposites of enlightened folk.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Challenging these vague doubts and the background assumptions generating them—a four-step procedure (Moreland and Issler, 49)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Step One: Spot the activating source (e.g., the evening news, TV show, movie, conversation at work) and be alert while being exposed to it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Step Two: Explicitly state to yourself exactly the doubt-inducing cultural assumption that lies beneath the surface of the activating source (start with the list of seven above).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Step Three: Challenge and question the truth of the cultural assumption.<span> </span>Is that really true?<span> </span>Doubt the doubt!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Step Four: Replace the cultural assumption with a biblical truth—the correct alternative way of seeing reality—and make it your goal to grow in God-confidence about the alternative.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 139.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif;">“We should read the Bible for various reasons. It should be read for facts, and it should be read devotionally. But reading the Bible every day of one's life does something else--it gives one a different mentality. In the modern world we are surrounded by the mentality of the uniformity of natural causes in a closed system, but as we read the Bible it gives us a different mentality. Do not minimize the fact that in reading the Bible we are living in a mentality which is the right one, opposed to the great wall of this other mentality which is forced upon us on every side--in education, in literature, in the arts, and in the mass media.” <u>He Is There and He Is Not Silent </u><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">in </span>Francis A. Schaeffer Trilogy <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">(Crossway, 1990), p. 334.</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Strategies of defense and offense <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Defense: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Do not be a passive consumer of entertainment and media input into your lives<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Think and challenge the background assumptions<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Offense:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“A helpful strategy of offense is to develop a counterculture in which believers are regularly exposed to Christian scholars, sophisticated Christian alternatives to secular ideas, and thoughtful Christian books, magazines and journals.<span> </span>Note, such exposure is not important merely so Christians can come to develop Christian alternatives to secular ideas.<span> </span><i>It is not just secular ideas that must be countered.<span> </span>It is the process of secularization itself that must be confronted, including the process of socializing Christians into thinking of themselves as marginalized, weak, gullible, uneducated people</i>.<span> </span>Thus, even if you are not yourself particularly well-educated, and even if you cannot understand the line of reasoning of articulate Christian scholars and carefully thought-out Christian books, exposure to the very existence of such things can provide you with confidence and remove doubt rooted in cultural background assumptions.”<span> </span>(Moreland and Issler, 54-55)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif;">“Over the last forty years a revolution has been occurring in Anglo-American philosophy.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Since the late 1960s Christian philosophers have been coming and defending the truth of the Christian worldview with philosophically sophisticated arguments in the finest scholarly journals and professional societies.</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">And the face of Anglo-American philosophy has been transformed.”</span><span> </span>J. P. Moreland and William Craig, <i>Philosophical Foundations of a Christian Worldview</i>—2<sup>nd</sup> ed. (Intervarsity Press, 2017), p. 5<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Dealing with specific intellectual doubts<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“Such a doubt has two characteristics: the doubting person is clearly aware of it, and he or she can write it down on paper.<span> </span>The doubt is quite precise and specific.”<span> </span>(Moreland and Issler, 55)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Eight steps for removing these doubts and strengthening God-confidence (Moreland and Issler, 55-59)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Approach the issue with the hope that you will find an intellectually satisfying answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Be sure the doubt is really intellectual.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 157.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">“Here’s how to tell if your doubt is not largely intellectual: If you have received an intellectual answer to the doubt that satisfies most other believers, especially those more knowledgeable than you, and it doesn’t help you, it’s likely that the problem isn’t intellectual.”<span> </span>(Moreland and Issler, 56)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If the doubt is sourced in the challenges presented by another person, don’t assume he or she has considered fairly the available answers to the issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 157.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">See my story: “Keeping Faith While Growing Up Evangelical: Reflections on My Journey”<span> </span><a href="https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2020/03/keeping-faith-while-growing-up.html" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">https://whiterosereview.blogspot.com/2020/03/keeping-faith-while-growing-up.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Write your doubt down on paper.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Doggedly find an answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Doubt you doubts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Remember there is a communal dimension to knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We can’t know everything<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Who are the evangelical scholars in the field who have answers?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Remember that atheists and skeptics have as many doubts as we do or more.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Atheist philosopher, Thomas Nagel: “I want atheism to be true and am made uneasy by the fact that some of the most intelligent and well-informed people I know are religious believers.<span> </span>It isn’t just that I don’t believe in God and, naturally, I hope that I’m right in my belief.<span> </span>It’s that I hope there is no God!<span> </span>I don’t want there to be a God; I don’t want the universe to be like that.”<span> </span>(Quoted in Moreland and Issler, 59)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Atheist, Douglas Coupland: “Now—here is my secret: I tell it to you with an openness of heart that I doubt I shall ever achieve again, so I pray that you are in a quiet room as you hear these words. My secret is that I need God—that I am sick and can no longer make it alone. I need God to help me give, because I no longer seem capable of giving; to help me be kind, as I no longer seem capable of kindness; to help me love, as I seem beyond being able to love.” (Quoted in Moreland and Issler, 59)<o:p></o:p></span></p>Richard Klaushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04355169960122137791noreply@blogger.com